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volume 38, issue 9, nov. 2011
1. title: introduction to special issue on learning, innovation systems and policy in honour of bengt-�ke lundvall
authors: borr�s, susana;fagerberg, jan;edquist, charles
abstract: this special issue celebrates the work of bengt-�ke lundvall on his 70th birthday. in the 1980s and 1990s he was a key player among a small group of academics in the usa and europe that developed a new, systemic approach to the study of the interactions between science, innovation, and policy. he contributed to the popularity of the approach in the policy community in several ways, among other things through his period as deputy director at the directorate for science, technology and industry at the oecd between 1992 and 1995, and through his later work for the european commission, as evidenced among other things by the highly influential booklet, the globalising learning economy: implications for innovation policy. his strong emphasis on learning, a hallmark of lundvall's approach, is also evident in much of his recent work. this issue has six papers written by some of his collaborators.
2. title: national innovation systems: the emergence of a new approach
authors: fagerberg, jan; sapprasert, koson
abstract: the term 'national innovation systems' surfaced for the first time in print during the late 1980s and, in the years that followed, several important contributions on this topic appeared. this paper investigates the role that this new literature plays within innovation studies and the world of science more generally and discusses the sources for its emergence. with the help of expert assessments, the three most important contributions to the 'national innovation systems' literature are identified. then the citations to these works in scholarly journals in the web of science are presented and the characteristics of the 'national innovation systems' literature, as compared with other areas of research, are analyzed.
3. title: the moon and the ghetto revisited
authors: nelson, richard r.
abstract: while over the past two centuries technological advance has enabled remarkable increases in worker productivity and the general standard of living of much of the world's population, progress has been much greater in certain industries and areas of human need than in others. for example, while great advances have been made in preventing or curing a wide range of diseases that used to be killing or crippling, there has been little progress made in how we go about educating children. and today there are many challenges for humankind where new technology is much needed, but thus far has been hard to achieve; dealing with global warming is a prime example. this essay is concerned with identifying the reasons for the very uneven technological progress that has been made thus far, and exploring how progress might be increased in areas of great need where progress to date has been very slight. the concept of an innovation system, which lundvall has been prominent in developing, plays a central role in the analysis.
4. title: do labour markets and educational and training systems matter for innovation outcomes? a multi-level analysis for the eu-27
authors: lorenz, edward
abstract: much of lundvall's recent work has focused on the notion of the 'learning economy' and in a series of recent publications he has argued that there are systemic relations between national labour market and education and training systems on the one hand, and processes of competence-building and innovation at the enterprise level on the other. building on the insights of this research, this paper used aggregate data available on eurostat's electronic database and enterprise-level data from the 2007 innobarometer survey to estimate a multi-level logistic model examining simultaneously the impact of enterprise- and national-level variables on the likelihood of an enterprise innovating. the results show that innovative performance is supported by national systems of 'flexicurity' which combine flexibility on the labour market with the generous provision of unemployment protection including the use of active labour-market policies and well-developed systems of life-long learning.
5. title: from user-producer relations to the learning economy
authors: johnson, bj�rn
abstract: this paper deals with three issues. first, the conceptual and theoretical development in lundvall's writing from user-producer relations to the learning economy is discussed with a focus on his main contributions to innovation theory. second, lundvall's description of the learning economy is extended in that it is argued that it is driven by its internal contradictions, and by the institutional responses to these contradictions. this approach is not in conflict with lundvall's views, but he has not pursued it and it may give new insights into the dynamics of the learning economy. finally the learning economy is placed as a central concept in the quest for a general theory of innovation, which for many years has characterized lundvall's writings.
6. title: user-producer interaction as a driver of innovation: costs and advantages in an open innovation model
authors: laursen, keld
abstract: while drawing on theories of distributed innovation and search, we conjecture that because a lot of important knowledge can only be obtained through the use of a product, the use of customer knowledge is beneficial for firms' innovative performance. however, the use of customer knowledge also has an important downside as customers may often be conservative (for many good reasons), forcing producer firms to search for new solutions along established paths, while shying away from truly new and promising opportunities. in this paper these two forces are reconciled through an argument stating that there is an inverse u-shaped relationship between the intensity of the use of customer knowledge and innovative performance. we hypothesize that the negative effect at high levels of intensity of the use of customer knowledge is offset by firms' broader search strategies in terms of the breadth of external search among other sources of innovation: if firms search more broadly among several sources of innovation, they are much more likely to enjoy the benefits of customer knowledge, while avoiding important negative aspects. overall, we find empirical support for these conjectures.
7. title: policy learning and organizational capacities in innovation policies
authors: borr�s, susana
abstract: bengt-�ke lundvall's work has underlined the importance of policy learning for inducing innovation systems' adaptability. in spite of his efforts and of the general interest in this topic, studies of policy learning in innovation policy continue to be scarce. elaborating from recent theoretical advances, the paper identifies three levels of policy learning and argues that their effects on innovation systems are related to specific capacities of the relevant organizations implementing change. this analytical framework is used in the study of trans-national policy learning in europe in the area of science-industry relations, showing the importance of capacities (or lack thereof). this calls for the practical need of addressing organizational capacity-building, in particular of analytical capacity, for truly strategic innovation policy-making.
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