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volume 32, issue 3, august 2012
1. title: the role of the visible hand of public institutions in creating a sustainable future
authors: yannick glemarec, jose a. puppim de oliveira
abstract: a key challenge at the beginning of the 21st century is to de-carbonize and de-materialize the global economy in time to avoid irreversible changes to the global and local environment while generating enough social and economic development opportunities to reduce poverty and inequity. four main �development paradigms� dominate the contemporary public discourse on how to best meet this challenge and achieve the social, economic and environment pillars of sustainable development: (i) a growth-focused development paradigm; (ii) a pro-poor growth development paradigm; (iii) a green-growth development paradigm; and (iv) a resilient growth development paradigm. although these four development paradigms are usually perceived as mutually exclusive, the paper argues that they should be regarded as complementary, with each providing a necessary but in itself insufficient response to the challenge of sustainability. the new sustainable development paradigm will require a substantial transformation of the present economic development model analogous to what transition economies underwent during the industrial revolution. the paper discusses the political, managerial and social implementation challenges for this societal shift and finds that its success will depend on whether public administrations are adequately prepared to translate government policies into action at the different levels, negotiate conflicts and build trust among stakeholders. the paper concludes by summarizing some of the solutions advocated in the individual contributions to this special edition of pad to strengthen the capacity of public administrations in creating a sustainable future.
2. title: the political economy of green growth: cases from southern africa
authors: danielle resnick, finn tarp, james thurlow
abstract: the concept of green growth implies that a wide range of developmental objectives, such as job creation, economic prosperity and poverty alleviation, can be easily reconciled with environmental sustainability. this article, however, argues that rather than being win�win, green growth is similar to most types of policy reforms that advocate the acceptance of short-term adjustment costs in the expectation of long-term gains. in particular, green growth policies often encourage developing countries to redesign their national strategies in ways that might be inconsistent with natural comparative advantages and past investments. in turn, there are often sizeable anti-reform coalitions whose interests may conflict with a green growth agenda. we illustrate this argument by using case studies of malawi, mozambique and south africa, which are engaged in development strategies that involve inorganic fertilizers, biofuel production and coal-based energy, respectively. each of these countries is pursuing an environmentally suboptimal strategy but nonetheless addressing critical development needs, including food security, fuel and electricity. we show that adopting a green growth approach would not only be economically costly but also generate substantial domestic resistance, especially among the poor.
3. title: institutional subversion and deforestation: learning lessons from the system for the environmental licencing of rural properties in mato grosso
authors: raoni raj�o, andrea azevedo and marcelo c. c. stabile
abstract: this article contributes to the public administration and environmental governance literature by proposing the notion of �institutional subversion� as a way of describing how the strategies adopted by local actors may change and even go against the initial aims of institutional development initiatives. the article discusses the case of the system for the environmental licencing of rural properties (slapr), an institutional development initiative by the state government of mato grosso in the south-eastern portion of the brazilian amazon. it will be shown that even though this initiative has earned the status of best practice in controlling deforestation, a closer look at slapr reveals that it has led to contradictory outcomes. during the first 8 years of slapr, it had no significant impact on reducing deforestation and, in some cases, even permitted the increase of total deforestation by providing authorization for this. according to an institutional analysis of the case study, the article draws particular conclusions that could be relevant to public administrators in the region and in other countries. in particular, it is argued that by accepting the possibility of institutional subversion, public administrators may become more attentive to unexpected consequences and be able to take corrective action. furthermore, in order to avoid institutional subversion, public administrators should integrate institutional initiatives into broader governmental, technological and economical dimensions.
4. title: greening growth through strategic environmental assessment of sector reforms
authors: daniel slunge and fernando loayza
abstract: climate change and escalating degradation of ecosystem services place the need for greening economic growth on the international policy agenda. to make growth greener and more inclusive, it is crucial to change the institutions and incentive structures in national sector reforms and to involve poor and vulnerable groups in decision making. the article analyses the role that strategic environmental assessment (sea) of sector reforms can play in greening growth in developing countries and discusses implications for public administrations. we suggest that sea can contribute to greening growth if it draws attention to environmental priorities when the sector reform agenda is set, fosters policy learning processes through repeated and sustained stakeholder interaction and facilitates access to information and empowerment of environmental constituencies. the empirical basis for the article is drawn from a recent world bank pilot programme involving seas of different sector reforms (mining, forestry, urban planning, infrastructure) in africa (kenya, malawi, sierra leone, guinea, liberia) and asia (china, bangladesh and pakistan).
5. title: environmental mainstreaming: the organisational challenges of policy integration
authors: fiona nunan, adrian campbell, emma foster
abstract: mainstreaming has been adopted internationally as a key approach to promoting environmental concerns and opportunities in national plans and strategies, as well as in sectoral policies and plans. as the climate change response begins to look to mainstreaming as a way forward for adaptation, lessons should be learnt from the environmental mainstreaming experience on the forms of organisational arrangements adopted. from an analysis of experience in a range of southern countries, the article uses a framework of vertical and horizontal organisational arrangements for policy integration to assess which organisational forms have been adopted and with what implications. the review found a mix of experience, with strong political commitment seeming to support a vertical approach to organisational integration, with a lead, overarching agency, as opposed to a more horizontal approach with the ministry responsible for the environment leading. the theory and analysis suggests that a more promising approach to facilitate effective mainstreaming might be to combine elements of vertical and horizontal arrangements, at least over the medium term, where there is strong central commitment and capacity for sustained implementation.
6. title: complementing the local and global: promoting sustainability action through linked local-level and formal sustainability funding mechanisms
authors: amy merritt and tristan stubbs
abstract: this article explores some of the challenges associated with financing sustainability action at the local level, using south africa and the uk as case studies. formal climate finance, including flows through multilateral development banks and private sector investor markets, has been criticised for failing effectively to link global financial interests to community needs and priorities. we discuss how a number of new financial innovations, including timebanking, community currencies, community share schemes, and peer-to-peer lending could help to bridge this gap. in particular, we explore how such financial innovations could be employed to support a more community-driven allocation of sustainability financing that prioritises local social and environmental benefits. we suggest that grassroots financing mechanisms have the potential to account for the social dimension in mobilising resources in a green economy as well as supporting civil society and local governments to develop greater decision-making around the mobilisation and allocation of sustainability resourcing. further, by bringing together the local and the global, sustainability financing instruments could also help to create synergies and constructive partnerships among public administrations, markets, and society for finding creative and locally appropriate solutions to promote sustainable development.
7. title: a charter moment: restructuring governance for sustainability
authors: norichika kanie, michele m. betsill, ruben zondervan, frank biermann and oran r. young
abstract: we are living in a highly dynamic, human-dominated earth system in which non-linear, abrupt and irreversible changes are not only possible but also probable. these changes require institutional structures capable of steering human society away from critical tipping points and irreversible change and ensuring sustainable livelihoods for all. we see 2012 as a �charter moment�, a historic opportunity to transform the institutional framework for sustainable development (ifsd) to better address the critical issues and political dynamics in the 21st century. in this paper, we present �the hakone vision on governance for sustainability in the 21st century�, which calls for a fundamental restructuring of the ifsd that (i) clearly articulates the �aspirations� of governance for sustainability including objectives and underlying values and norms, (ii) allows for meaningful and accountable participation by a wide range of �actors� to develop solutions �from� people �for� people and (iii) creates an �architecture� to include better configuration of actors, actor groups and their networks, as well as improved institutions and decision-making mechanisms. we situate the hakone vision in the context of discussions of the ifsd and discuss our process for developing the hakone vision through a series of �world caf� discussions involving academic experts on global environmental governance and policy practitioners working at the local, national and global level. with our assessment of the ifsd and the challenges we face, we suggest that proposals for a sustainable development council in the united nations warrant further consideration, among others.
8. title: advancing the governance of cross-sectoral policies for sustainable development: a metagovernance perspective
authors: stamatios christopoulos, balazs horvath and michael kull
abstract: sustainable development (sd) and its pillars are well known, and the need for integrating the social, economic and environmental aspects in development is widely accepted. a topic currently gaining momentum is the improvement of the institutional framework, as called for through the ongoing global processes for sd. this study probes into three successful cases of solutions for sd that effectively used metagovernance elements, that is, integrating and fusing different modes of governance. metagovernance elements in policy mixes bring together, through coordination, formal conventions and less formal agreements of what is acceptable and appropriate administratively and policy-wise, to solving complex issues in sd.
9. title: environmental information transparency and implications for green growth in china
authors: wanxin li and duoduo li
abstract: environmental information transparency performs social and learning functions indispensable for green growth. still facing the challenges of a lack of local commitment and less than optimal institutional capacity, there is no doubt that china has made substantial progress on granting and enforcing public right to environmental information. this will help build the social infrastructure necessary for green growth � the rule of law, trust, social organizing, consensus building, social learning, and collective action. a focused approach is desirable because resources and capacity are limited in china � targeting pollutants and sectors that exert the most environmental and health risks as well as those that need technological upgrade most urgently. then, in the long run, environmental information transparency serves the fundamental goals of �good public policy and legitimate governmental decision-making� on environment-related issues in china, in line with both the green growth framework and the long-term development goal of constructing a harmonious society in china.
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