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volume 174, issue 2, february 2024
1. title: impact of energy poverty on public health: a non-linear study from an international perspective
authors: chien-chiang lee, zihao yuan
abstract: research on energy poverty and its impact has been quite extensive, but the impact of such poverty on public health is still lacking. this paper thus presents the relationship between energy poverty and public health of 185 countries from 2000 to 2020 as well as the role of urbanization development levels in this nexus. to achieve this goal, this study uses a partial linear function coefficient (plfc) method to analyze the relationship between them, which can also clearly exhibit the non-linear impact of energy poverty on public health. first, both linear and non-linear regression results show that energy poverty has significantly negative impacts on public health. second, urbanization level plays a significant moderating effect in the energy poverty and public health nexus, meaning that energy poverty affects public health under the influence of urbanization. according to the plfc model results, countries that exceed the threshold of urbanization have significantly reduced the adverse effects of energy poverty on public health. third, this study investigates the heterogeneous impact of energy poverty across different regions, comparing the sub-saharan africa region with other areas. the results reveal in the sub-saharan africa region that affordable energy under the influence of urbanization provides a new pathway for improving public health in that region, whereas this effect is considerably smaller in other regions. additionally, a series of tests confirm the robustness of the results. this paper offers a reference for the development and implementation of renewable energy-related public health policies.
2. title: nurse migration: long-run determinants and dynamics of flows in response to health and economic shocks
authors: alina botezat, cristian incaltarau, peter nijkamp
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the global shortage of nurses and doctors, highlighting the need for countries to aim for greater self-sufficiency in their health workforce rather than relying on foreign recruitment to meet excess demand. by using gravity models and taking advantage of rich data over the period 2001�2021, we examine the determinants of qualified nurse migration to oecd countries and investigate how macroeconomic imbalances impact nursing labour markets across time and place. we find evidence that economic recession in origin countries can lead to an increased loss of medical personnel, which could worsen the nurse deficit there. source countries are particularly vulnerable to a nurse deficit if a recession is followed by a health shock that increases the demand for healthcare. however, a health shock temporarily reduces the number of nurses leaving and hence decreases the number of incoming nurses in destination countries. recessions in destination countries reduce the number of arriving nurses there. our study also captures the role of place in nurse migration by investigating heterogeneity in nurse migration across the main geographic source regions worldwide.
3. title: long-term economic impact of disasters: evidence from multiple earthquakes in china
authors: lulu huang, qiannan liu, yugang tang
abstract: this paper examines the short-term and long-term economic impacts of relative-ly small but more frequent earthquakes in china. using a difference-in-differences approach based on prefecture-level city panel data, combined with a unique data set on seismic events in china, we find that both moderate and strong earthquakes significantly decrease affected prefectures� gdp per capita in the long run. these effects vary depending on the level of local government fiscal autonomy, social capital intensity, and infrastructure development. we also find that three mechanisms contribute to long-term negative effects: the household savings rate, fixed asset investment, and innovation. our results provide new insights for policymakers to address relatively small disasters, which can have a significant impact on the local economy in the long run.
4. title: evaluating the determinants of participation in conservancy land leases and its impacts on household wealth in the maasai mara, kenya: equity and gender implications
authors: claire bedelian, joseph o. ogutu, katherine homewood, aidan keane
abstract: understanding the impact of conservation interventions on local communities is important in determining their effects on livelihoods and wellbeing. however, impacts are often not uniform and there are important equity dimensions when evaluating interventions. therefore, in this paper, we investigate determinants of participation in conservation land leases in the mara conservancies in southern kenya and its impact on household wealth. we find that land ownership determines who can participate in and benefit from conservancy land lease payments, and by how much. the design of the land lease payment scheme therefore has the potential to reinforce and, in cases, amplify existing inequities as it is built upon a legacy of unequal historical land distribution processes that limit the participation of women and poor landless households. we observed significantly higher incomes amongst participant households compared to non-participants, but these differences disappeared after propensity score matching. these results suggest that the differences were not caused by participation in conservancies. our findings suggest that the design and outcomes of land-based conservation or payment for ecosystem services schemes should consider historic and existing land tenure systems if they are to reduce inequality.
5. title: securing development: uneven geographies of coastal tourism development in el salvador
authors: ruchi patel
abstract: over the last ten years, el salvador has emerged as a popular coastal tourist destination known for its beautiful beaches and world-renowned surf. riding this wave, the government, international donors, and investors have championed tourism as a strategy to alleviate poverty, promote sustainable development, and address the country�s long-standing migration and security crises. yet, while tourism has brought novel economic opportunities to coastal communities, it has also increased pressures on local people, land, and resources, as well as complicated gang-state security dynamics in complex ways. this paper contributes to geographic scholarship on tourism in the global south by examining the uneven social and environmental impacts of tourism development on rural coastal communities in el salvador. i use a mix of ethnographic and survey methods to analyze socio-spatial reconfigurations in livelihoods, land and resource access, and the securitization of space in a case study site from the country�s rapidly touristifying western coast. the results find that inequalities are produced through development-driven processes of socioeconomic and resource stratification between mostly affluent, white foreigners and domestic elites and poor salvadoran residents. the benefits of job growth in tourism-related sectors are largely undermined by the loss of access to land, economic power, and community identity through the foreignization of space. these impacts are compounded by uneven geographies of securitization, which protect wealthy tourist spaces while exposing poor rural residents to both gang and state-sponsored violence. advancing a critical framing of tourism (in)securities, the paper argues that rather than promoting sustainable development, tourism contributes to the insecurity and unsustainability of life for many poor rural residents, reinforcing rather than reducing incentives to migrate. by highlighting the socio-spatial production of inequalities in the context of tourism, the research calls for policies ensuring more just and inclusive tourism development in el salvador and other global south destinations.
6. title: equity and empowerment effects: multiple styles of �voluntarism� in community-based health projects
authors: carly nichols
abstract: community health workers (chw) are individuals with no formal health training who perform various roles to address health disparities. there are long-sustained debates over how different forms of incentives shape chw programs, which are often staffed with volunteer or minimally remunerated women. these debates are complicated by the diversity of chw roles and contexts in which they work. evidence is particularly scant around �change-agent� style chws, who shape health knowledge and norms within their community. this paper addresses this gap through an analysis of a change agent-staffed program that provided nutrition participatory education through women�s groups in three eastern indian sites. we examine how contextual factors across sites shaped change-agent management, and analyze the implications of each approach for efficacy, empowerment, and equity. analyzing 68 interviews and 10 focus groups this study advances a typology of �varieties� of voluntarism that we name laissez faire, active-cultivation, and honorarium-accountability, and uses comparative analysis to examine the equity and empowerment effects within selection, management, and payment. first, we find tensions in the community-based selection of volunteers because rather than selecting highly motivated women, groups selected women in the most favorable socioeconomic position to volunteer. second, there is a tension around responsibility and expectations in that greater training and responsibility leads women to see more psychosocial empowerment (e.g., knowledge, confidence), but also may create more �costs� to participation and leads to wider economic inequities in change-agent ranks. third, we observe a misplaced focus on payments as central to change-agent motivation. while the two volunteer-only sites see payment as �the answer� to motivation problems, the honorarium site sees payments as �the problem� because they attract less intrinsically motivated individuals. we conclude that while payments may not make an unmotivated volunteer into a motivated one, this analysis suggests payments would potentially allow more marginalized women to participate, which may be key to making more equitable and efficacious impacts.
7. title: can a knowledge calendar improve dietary knowledge? evidence from a field experiment in rural china
authors: minghui hou, shi min, ping qing, xu tian
abstract: while dietary knowledge significantly impacts food consumption and healthy eating, in many developing countries, the level of dietary knowledge among rural residents is relatively low. an effective and inexpensive intervention is therefore urgently needed to improve dietary knowledge. this study evaluated the effect of an information intervention, in the form of a knowledge calendar, on the dietary knowledge level of rural residents. a propensity score matching with a difference in differences (psm�did) approach was applied with two-wave panel data collected from a field experiment to estimate the treatment effect of the information intervention on rural residents� dietary knowledge. the estimation results indicated that the dietary knowledge of rural residents whose households received knowledge calendars significantly increased by 4.7�6.1 % and revealed an active learning effect in rural residents regarding dietary knowledge, suggesting that providing knowledge calendars to rural residents is an effective and low-cost approach for improving their level of dietary knowledge. additionally, the intervention effect of the knowledge calendar on dietary knowledge was heterogeneous according to individual and household characteristics, such as education, off-farm employment, social network, household income, and farm size. the findings of this study provide an empirical basis for the formulation of inexpensive and effective information intervention policies.
8. title: drinking water facilities and inclusive development: evidence from rural china
authors: yuanzhe li, tianyang xi, li-an zhou
abstract: this paper studies the economic impacts of enhancing the access to drinking water facilities for rural households in china. using representative survey data, our study finds that obtaining the access to drinking water facilities enhanced households� off-farm employment and increased their labor income. through exploring varying impacts for households of different sizes, our analysis suggests that water collection may be an important mechanism inducing these benefits. moreover, the program benefited lower income households more, enhanced off-farm employment locally but did not induce outward migration, and generated equitable benefits for men and women. these findings suggest that enhancing drinking water facilities may be a cost-efficient strategy for promoting inclusive development in addition to its health benefits.
9. title: variation in women�s attitudes toward intimate partner violence across the rural�urban continuum in ethiopia
authors: mulubrhan amare, channing arndt, zhe guo, greg seymour
abstract: little is known about the effects of urbanization on women�s attitudes toward intimate partner violence (ipv). the scarcity of empirical studies on this relationship can be partly attributed to the lack of an objective measure of urbanization levels. in this study, we investigate the effects of urbanization on ethiopian women�s attitudes toward ipv using four continuous measures of urbanization: nightlight intensity, distance to urban areas, total urban area within a 10-km radius, and an urbanization index. these measures are defined from satellite-based nighttime light intensity and multispectral sensor data. we find that despite a generally strong positive association between urbanization and progressive attitudes among women toward ipv, some stages of urbanization show a more significant association than others. the heterogeneities in the effect of all urbanization measures on women�s attitudes toward intimate partner violence further show that the effects of urbanization measures are sharply heterogeneous across wealth indicator terciles. while we find that urbanization measures are associated with an overall decrease in the justification of ipv, the effects are higher and stronger for women in the upper and middle wealth terciles compared to the lowest wealth tercile. initially less-privileged women gain little from urbanization in the attitudes toward ipv, resulting in increased inequality in women�s empowerment in the short and medium term.
10. title: �people are now working together for a common good�: the effect on social capital of participatory design for community-level sanitation infrastructure in urban informal settlements
authors: allison p. salinger, isabel charles, naomi francis, becky batagol, ... sheela s. sinharoy
abstract: communities with higher levels of social capital perform better than communities with lower social capital in community-level water and sanitation interventions and have better health outcomes. although research recommends bolstering social capital to improve intervention outcomes, few studies provide empirical evidence on the effect of intervention activities on social capital. this study aimed to evaluate the effect of participatory design and community engagement activities on social capital among urban informal settlements in suva, fiji and makassar, indonesia enrolled in the revitalizing informal settlements and their environments trial using the short adapted social capital assessment tool. we performed confirmatory factor analyses (cfa) to test tool performance and built structural equation models to assess intervention effect on cfa-informed, sub-scale scores for cognitive and structural social capital. qualitative in-depth interviews in fiji and indonesia and focus group discussions in fiji provided nuanced understanding of intervention effects on social capital from residents� perspectives. results confirmed the hypothesized two-factor solution but revealed differences by country and by gender in indonesia. the intervention appeared positively related to cognitive social capital among men and women in indonesia and negatively related to cognitive and structural social capital among men and women in fiji. while effect sizes were small and cluster-adjustment for a small number of settlements yielded non-significant effects, trends were consistent across models and bivariate analyses and were corroborated by qualitative findings. several contextual factors may explain these results, including timing and duration of intervention activities and influence of covid-19. qualitative data suggested that the relationship between participatory design and social capital may be bidirectional, helping to explain why certain settlements appeared to be better equipped to benefit from intervention activities. practitioners and program designers should carefully consider the social pre-conditions of communities in which they intend to work to optimize program outcomes and avoid unintended consequences.
11. title: going local without localization: power and humanitarian response in the syrian war
authors: rana b. khoury, emily k.m. scott
abstract: international aid organizations and donors have committed to localize aid by empowering local actors to deliver and lead in humanitarian response. while international actors do often rely on local actors for aid delivery, their progress on shifting authority falls short. scholars suggest that while localizing aid may be desirable, the organizational imperatives of international actors and aid�s colonial past and present make it difficult at best. can localization efforts produce locally led humanitarian response? adopting a power framework, we argue that localization reinforces and reproduces international power; through institutional processes, localization efforts by international actors allocate capacity to, and constitute local actors as, humanitarians that are more or less capable, funded, and involved in responding to crises in the latter�s own countries. this article interprets aid efforts during the syria war. in this crucial case, we might expect localization to be �easy� due to the dependence of international actors on local actors because of security concerns and constraints on international access. we draw on fine-grained qualitative data collected through immersive observation and 250 interviews with syrian and international aid workers in jordan, lebanon, and turkey, as well as descriptive analysis of quantitative data. we reveal the ways syrians were constituted as frontline responders, recipients of funds or trainings, risk-takers, gateways to access, and tokenistic representatives of the crisis. our research shows that while the response seemed to �go local� by relying on the labor and risk-taking of syrians to implement relief, it did not transfer authority to syrian actors. findings contribute to current debates in global development and humanitarian scholarship about who holds power within the global aid architecture.
12. title: from grazing units to milking units: the gendered nature of intra-household livestock management and food security for pastoralists in kenya
authors: kayla yurco
abstract: this paper offers a methodological and conceptual framework for empirically demonstrating the importance of gendered, intra-household units in shaping pastoral livestock management and food security. while the focal point for understanding livestock management and pastoral production systems traditionally has been rangelands where livestock graze with male herders, this study demonstrates that as much livestock management happens within the home under the care of women. this project draws from long-term mixed methods research as well as an in-depth focal household study conducted over 10 months with maasai pastoralists in kenya to examine the highly gendered activities of herding and milking. in considering multiple spaces of livestock management inside and outside the pastoral home, this project introduces and utilizes the concept of the milking unit (a group of cows allotted to, and managed by, women for milking activities) alongside the more well-studied category of the grazing unit (a group of cattle pooled together by household members for grazing activities). findings about the micro-decisions of livestock management, and the gendered politics shaping them, illustrate that gendered, intra-household relations are just as, if not more, important than grazing patterns or household assets such as herd size in determining milk resources for individuals within households, with significant outcomes for livestock productivity, food security, and wellbeing. these conclusions suggest that examining gendered, intra-household variation can be key for understanding livelihoods and human-environment interactions for pastoralists and other communities in the global south.
13. title: love thy neighbour? social attitudes towards persons with disabilities
authors: vu vuong, michael palmer
abstract: this paper examines whether exposure to persons with disabilities in the locality influences attitudes towards their social and economic inclusion. using nationally representative household survey data from vietnam and an instrumental variable strategy, we find that higher rates of disability in the local district increases perceptions of employers� willingness to hire people with disabilities but also decreases support for the inclusion of children and persons with disabilities in regular schools, marriage and community living. the findings suggest that increased exposure can lead to more positive attitudes towards the capabilities of persons with disabilities but can lead to a backlash that reinforces social norms.
14. title: sharing norm, household efficiency and female demand for agency in the philippines
authors: jean-marie baland, ludovic bequet, catherine guirkinger, clarice manuel
abstract: households in the philippines are characterized by durable unions and a relatively high status of women who are entrusted with the management of household finances. in this setting conducive to cooperation, we expect households to be less inefficient than in other contexts and women to be more inclined to contribute to household income than men. we run experimental games with couples in the rural philippines i) to test the existence of a sharing rule favouring women; ii) to measure the degree of overall household efficiency and iii) to trace the latter to gender specific behaviors.
we first find the prevalence of a strong sharing norm whereby women secure about two thirds of the total couple payoffs, in line with their prominent role in the family. however, couples, and in particular women, incur large efficiency losses of about half of the potential gains offered by the games. we interpret this finding as revealing a strong, latent demand for agency by women who express a strong preference for own money over (larger) transfers from their husband as the latter involve an implicit control over their use. these findings challenge a naive view of female empowerment that solely focuses on the nominal control over household resources.
15. title: covid-19 and violence against women: current knowledge, gaps, and implications for public policy
authors: fabiana rocha, maria dolores montoya diaz, paula carvalho pereda, isadora bousquat �rabe, ... rodrigo moreno-serra
abstract: on a global scale, 1 in 3 women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, and women of disadvantaged backgrounds are at an even higher risk. since the outbreak of covid-19, data have shown that violence against women (vaw) has intensified. in this paper, we review an emerging literature evaluating the impact of stay-at-home measures implemented to curb the spread of covid-19 on vaw in low and middle-income countries. we classify existing studies into three categories based on the quality of data and reliability of the empirical methodology: �causal�, �less causal� and �not causal. overall, the most rigorous literature on low- and middle-income countries provides evidence of increases in calls to domestic violence hotlines and drops in police reports. differences in the types of violence analysed (physical, sexual, psychological, or economic) and the challenges associated with reporting these types of vaw contribute to the mixed results. the main methodological limitations faced by this literature relate to data availability and the ability to distinguish the effects of social isolation from those associated with income and emotional shocks induced by the covid-19 pandemic. the paper highlights the need for innovative methods and data to better understand the unintended vaw consequences of movement restrictions and reliably effective policy responses to this major social and public health challenge.
16. title: norms that matter: exploring the distribution of women�s work between income generation, expenditure-saving and unpaid domestic responsibilities in india
authors: ashwini deshpande, naila kabeer
abstract: based on primary data from a large household survey in seven districts in west bengal in india, this paper analyses the reasons underlying low labor force participation of women. in developing countries, women who are engaged in unpaid economic work in family enterprises are often not counted as workers, whereas the men are. we show that for women, not being in paid work is not synonymous with not being in the labour force. women are often involved in expenditure saving activities i.e. productive work within the family, over and above domestic chores and care work. we document the fuzziness of the boundary between domestic work and unpaid (and therefore invisible) productive work that leads to mismeasurement of women�s work and suggest methods to improve measurement. counting women�s expenditure-saving activities yields a substantially higher estimate of women�s participation in economic work. on social norms, we show that religion and visible markers such as veiling are not significant determinants of the probability of being in paid work. we find that being primarily responsible for domestic chores lowers the probability of �working�, after accounting for all the conventional factors. our data shows substantial unmet demand for paid work. given that women are primarily responsible for domestic chores, we find that women express a demand for work that would be compatible with household chores. we demonstrate the existence of �virtuous cycles� within families: a history of working women in the family (mother or mother-in-law ever worked) increases the probability of being in paid work between 18 and 21 percentage points. this suggests that the positive effects of increasing women�s labour force participation today are likely to have positive multiplier effects on the prospects for work in future generations of women.
17. title: overlapping extractive land use rights increases deforestation and forest degradation in managed natural production forests
authors: bingcai liu, anand roopsind, brent sohngen
abstract: guyana manages an estimated 5.3 million hectares of old-growth tropical forests, 29% of its total forest area, for timber extraction. individuals and companies can apply for time-limited leases that allocate access, management, and extraction rights for timber through a concession system. in many tropical regions, including guyana, a lack of integrated land use planning often leads to overlapping extractive and forest use rights for logging and mining. overlapping land rights in turn create uncertainty and limit investments toward sustainable forest management, affecting deforestation and forest degradation rates. in this study, we use matched fixed-effect and difference-in-differences panel data models to quantify the impact of establishing logging tenure on deforestation and forest degradation. we assess the impact of different tenure use allocations for guyana, a high forest cover low deforestation country, utilizing a 31-year (1990�2020) remotely sensed annual time series dataset on deforestation and forest degradation. the rate of forest loss (deforestation plus degradation) in public forests managed by the state with no authorized use allocation activities were 0.062% per year. the issuance of timber concessions increases the probability of deforestation by 33.5% and forest degradation by 8.9% compared to unallocated state forests. forests with overlapping use rights for timber and mining had a 156% and 19.1% higher probability of deforestation and degradation relative to unallocated public forests and forests where only timber harvesting was authorized, respectively. we conclude that overlapping land use allocations result in conflicting resource use strategies that ultimately will limit sustainability and climate goals related to reducing deforestation and degradation.
18. title: the doublespeak of �leave no one behind�: implications for religious inequality in hindu and muslim pastoralist communities in india
authors: emma tomalin, caroline dyer, archana choksi
abstract: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development pledged to �leave no one behind� (lnob). this article suggests that lnob can be a form of �doublespeak�, susceptible to being used to mask ideologies and policies that worsen social, political and religious divisions. despite stated commitments to lnob, both agenda 2030 and the modi-led bharatiya janata party (bjp) government of india adhere to narrow models of development that fail to address and exacerbate the growing problem of religious and other inequalities. this article argues for reclaiming lnob�s radical potential by conceptualising it as an empty signifier that takes on meaning through the hegemonic struggle to articulate what �left behind� means. it develops this argument through a case study of hindu nationalist developmental normativity and two mobile pastoralist communities in gujarat: hindu rabaris and sufi muslim fakirani jats. the empirical data show that in gujarat�s marketised neo-liberal land regime, mobile pastoralism as a livelihood is increasingly stressed and liable to be constructed as �left behind�. simultaneously, the hindu and sufi religious practices that shaped pastoralists� relationships with land and animals are being transformed and, framed by the bjp government�s promotion of a hindu nationalist religious identity, are shifting towards adoption of communal hindu and muslim identities that exacerbate social and religious inequalities, with particular effects on women. the paper concludes that lnob has potential to tackle religious and other inequalities and generate a more radical and democratic politics of development if the range of demands that are met by this �empty signifier� is broadened to challenge the hegemonic representations that dominate, and religion�s centrality in this struggle is recognised.
19. title: gender in development: what lessons for addressing inequality on the grounds of religion or (non)-belief?
authors: mariz tadros, catherine shutt
abstract: this paper examines how understanding processes of redressing the gender blindness of international development can offer illuminating insights to addressing religious inequalities as a blind spot in development policy. the first part of the paper discusses the possibilities and tensions for comparing gender and religious (in)equality, both as analytical lens and aspirations in development. in the second part of the paper, we reflect on the inferences that can be drawn for in-roads to changing attitudes and behaviours to make development more aware of, and responsive to, religious inequalities and freedom of religion or belief. the methodological approach combines empirical data generated from interviews and roundtables with development practitioners and policymakers, with an integrative literature review. it also explores the conceptual conundrums in the use of the different terms, situating them in their historical background and interrogating their ideological underpinnings. distinct historical trajectories mean that whereas a key challenge to mainstreaming gender in development has been its recognition at the highest political level, in the case of freedom of religion or belief, the challenge is to reconfigure its politicisation from being predominantly a foreign policy issue to one that is constitutive to the advancement of an inclusive development agenda. the paper argues that there are pertinent similarities in some of the challenges to incorporating a gender sensitive lens over the past 50 years and the current resistance to addressing religious inequalities or freedom of religion or belief matters in international development. accordingly, analysis of the successes and limitations of efforts to mainstream gender in development sheds light on some of the political and institutional dynamics encountered when seeking to make development policy-makers, planners and practitioners more aware of power dynamics pertaining to religious inequalities that have been overlooked.
20. title: orchestrating self-empowerment in tribal india: debt bondage, land rights, and the strategic uses of spirituality
authors: philip mader
abstract: spirituality strategically enables self-empowerment in a clandestine movement of adivasis which this paper calls �the programme�. to explain how social movements and action organisations can orchestrate spirituality, this paper examines how the programme helps landless rural people overcome debt bondage and gain land by employing spiritual repertoires. the paper addresses the question how, in the context of an increasingly tribalised politics in india, spiritual orchestration allows some scheduled tribes to make substantive economic gains, especially on debt freedom and land rights. the paper draws on an analysis of qualitative data collected through workshops, interviews and visits to villages across several indian states, which has been anonymised to protect identities and avoid divulging sensitive information. the study finds that spirituality supports self-empowerment in three ways: first, it provides motivation and ideological reinforcement for people engaging in struggles against debt bondage and for land rights; second, it makes tribal identity more visible and helps groups make claims as indigenous owners; third, it offers groups protection from reprisals and creates platforms for engaging powerful actors. these findings are significant because, for activists and scholars who work with subaltern groups in india or other contexts, they demonstrate that the orchestration of spirituality can strengthen action repertoires for self-empowerment and help groups secure or protect economic and social gains. the paper adds insights to research on social movements and organisations on how to strengthen the �weapons of the weak�; it contributes empirical knowledge about how strategies to overcome debt and exploitation can succeed; and it underscores the importance of protecting freedom of religion and belief in development practice.
21. title: immigration, labor markets and discrimination: evidence from the venezuelan exodus in per�
authors: andre groeger, gianmarco le�n-ciliotta, steven stillman
abstract: venezuela is currently experiencing the biggest crisis in its recent history. this has led more than 7.3 million venezuelans to emigrate, at least 1.5 million of those to peru, which amounted to an increase of over 4 percent in the peruvian population. venezuelan immigrants in peru are relatively similar in cultural terms, but, on average, more skilled than peruvians. in this paper, we first examine venezuelans� perceptions of being discriminated against in peru. using an instrumental variable strategy, we document a causal relationship between the level of employment in the informal sector � where most immigrants are employed � and reports of discrimination. we then study the impact of venezuelan migration on local�s labor market outcomes, reported crime rates, and attitudes using a variety of data sources. we find that inflows of venezuelans to particular locations led to increased employment and income among locals, decreased reported crime, and improved reported community quality. we conduct a heterogeneity analysis to identify the mechanisms behind these labor market effects and discuss the implications for peruvian immigration policy.
22. title: policy preferences in response to large forced migration inflows
authors: william l. allen, isabel ruiz, carlos vargas-silva
abstract: what migration policies do people in receiving countries prefer, and to what extent do humanitarian concerns matter for these preferences? despite sustained scholarly attention to migration attitudes in high-income countries, much less work examines public policy preferences�particularly in low- and middle-income countries that receive most forced migrants globally. while legislators can propose and implement migration policies involving multiple domains that differ in restrictiveness, their choices partly rely on public support that may vary depending on the policy area at stake. this makes understanding preferences for realistic migration policies in a multidimensional manner theoretically and empirically important. in response, we conducted a pre-registered conjoint experiment (n = 2,508) fielded in colombia, the country that has received the largest share of venezuelan emigrants who themselves currently comprise one of the world�s largest migratory flows. colombians prefer more open policy options that place either some or no restrictions on venezuelan migrants� labor market access, ability to bring family members, access to public healthcare, or freedom to choose where they live within colombia. however, there is support for restrictions on the overall number of venezuelans allowed to settle in the country, as well as the length of time that venezuelans are allowed to stay in colombia. moreover, respondents holding higher levels of humanitarianism prefer less restrictive policies towards venezuelans relative to those holding stronger economic and material values�particularly in domains addressing core needs of health, family reunification, and employment. our study contributes novel and timely evidence of multidimensional migration policy preferences from a highly-impacted case, while also showing how altruistic values relating to humanitarianism selectively matter for these preferences.
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