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volume 61, issue 5, april 2024
1. title: operationalising social protection: reflections from urban india.
authors: gautam bhan
abstract: a global pandemic has brought renewed attention to an old question: what do we owe each other? calls to engage in thinking about a 'new social contract' have emerged rooted both in an intimate memory of crisis as well as in the possibilities rooted in relief work, mutual aid and stimulus packages. scholars have sought to learn, for example, what relief measures could teach us about social protection in a 'post-pandemic' world, even while cautioning that socio-economic inequalities were only revealed rather than caused by the pandemic. drawing on a set of empirical cases collectively produced by researchers (including this author) at the indian institute for human settlements, bangalore, this article turns to a specific part of any social contract: the design and operation of social protection systems. within this, it argues that operational modes of delivering social protection need specific attention within scholarly debates, especially in their complexities within the spatial and economic informality that marks cities of the global south. put simply: how we deliver both existing and new entitlements is as important as deciding what entitlements urban residents should be entitled to. i offer four main operational concerns that mark the delivery of social protection to informal workers in urban india: (a) residence as an operational barrier; (b) workplaces as sites of delivery; (c) working with worker organisations as delivery infrastructures; and (d) building systems of recognition and registration of informal workers.
2. title: theorising the causal impacts of social frontiers: the social and psychological implications of discontinuities in the geography of residential mix.
authors: aarti iyer, gwilym pryce
abstract: until very recently, the question of how residents might be affected by the gradient of neighbourhood boundaries � whether these boundaries are abrupt or gradual � has remained largely absent from mainstream segregation research. yet, theoretical and empirical findings emerging from recent studies suggest the impacts could be profound and far-reaching. this article seeks to provide a conceptual foundation for understanding such effects. we focus on the concept of 'social frontiers': spatial discontinuities in the geography of residential mix which occur when community boundaries are abrupt. drawing on insights from cognate disciplines, we develop a theory of social frontier impacts that articulates their potential importance in limiting and shaping contact between neighbouring communities, exacerbating territorial conflict and ultimately affecting the psychological wellbeing and life course outcomes of those living at the frontier. we present our thesis as a series of propositions and corollaries, and reflect on the implications for empirical research.
3. title: entrepreneurs beyond neoliberalism: municipally owned corporations and climate change mitigation in german cities.
authors: leon wansleben, nils neumann
abstract: urban studies have shown that the affordances, constraints and forms of urban climate change mitigation often emerge from 'entrepreneurial' modes of governance that have developed in post-fordist cities. however, comparative research stresses that concepts focused on the growing power of private capital under neoliberalisation are inadequate to comprehend developments in german cities. in this article, we argue that municipally owned corporations occupy critical positions in climate change mitigation governance. while municipal ownership of utilities in principle increases local governance capacities, municipally owned corporations' roles are shaped by fiscal relations and asymmetric organisational capacities between 'agents' and 'principals'. in the case of cologne, we show that the city has failed to leverage ownership over its public energy utility to decarbonise energy provision. managers were able to assert corporate interests in the face of fragmented political actors and entrenched fiscal crisis. in this context of political incapacity and fragmentation, environmental social movements become important actors for translating widely shared decarbonisation objectives into concrete political demands towards municipally owned corporations.
4. title: the post-socialist cities from central and eastern europe: between spatial growth and demographic decline.
authors: alexandra sandu
abstract: this research examines two major phenomena that have driven the transformation of cities in central and eastern europe (cee) following the fall of communism: intensive urban sprawl and population decline. using a quantitative methodology to examine the patterns and dynamics of built-up areas and population in 93 cities from cee, the article assesses their transformation between 1990 and 2018. the findings show that, while there are overall similarities in the dynamics of built-up area and population changes in cee cities, there are also notable differences that vary by country, city size, proximity to western europe and economic attractiveness.
5. title: an evaluation framework for predictive models of neighbourhood change with applications to predicting residential sales in buffalo, ny.
authors: jan voltaire vergara, maria y rodriguez, jonathan phillips, ehren dohler, melissa l villodas, amy blank wilson, kenneth joseph
abstract: new data and technologies, in particular machine learning, may make it possible to forecast neighbourhood change. doing so may help, for example, to prevent the negative impacts of gentrification on marginalised communities. however, predictive models of neighbourhood change face four challenges: accuracy (are they right?), granularity (are they right at spatial or temporal scales that actually matter for a policy response?), bias (are they equitable?) and expert validity (do models and their predictions make sense to domain experts?). the present work provides a framework to evaluate the performance of predictive models of neighbourhood change along these four dimensions. we illustrate the application of our evaluation framework via a case study of buffalo, ny, where we consider the following prediction task: given historical data, can we predict the percentage of residential buildings that will be sold or foreclosed on in a given area over a fixed amount of time into the future?
6. title: homeownership and subjective well-being: are the links heterogeneous across location, age and income?
authors: rachel ong viforj, hiroaki suenaga, ryan brierty
abstract: this article examines the impact of homeownership on subjective well-being and how it varies by location, age and income in australia. we apply panel data models with instrumental variables within a two-stage modelling framework and find that homeownership, particularly outright ownership, positively affects subjective well-being � as measured by life, financial, home and neighbourhood satisfaction � relative to renting. however, these effects are not homogeneous. outright owners in major urban locations enjoy higher financial satisfaction but poorer neighbourhood satisfaction than their counterparts outside major urban locations. the subjective well-being gap between owners and renters widens as age increases within the age range of 30s to 60s. however, the presence of mortgage debt depresses the financial satisfaction associated with homeownership. beyond age 50, the existence of a mortgage debt burden cancels any positive financial satisfaction effects that homeownership has relative to renting. as income increases, the positive effects of homeownership on subjective well-being diminishes in the domain of financial satisfaction this reflects greater diversification in high-income households' asset portfolios compared to low-income households' portfolios. we discuss the policy implications of these heterogeneous effects.
7. title: the conflictual governance of street experiments, between austerity and post-politics.
authors: ersilia verlinghieri, elisabetta vitale brovarone, luca staricco
abstract: car dependency greatly contributes to the climate crisis and the corrosion of public space. in response, cities are introducing pedestrianisation, cycle lanes or tactical urban interventions aimed at repurposing streets for other road users. framed as 'experiments', these reallocations of street space disrupt traditional transport planning procedures, often with promising results in promoting active travel. they are also associated with deep conflicts and criticism, especially by citizens defending the right to drive. despite their ability to stop experiments, such conflicts have been little explored in the debates about experimentation and automobility. similarly, street experiments have in most cases been uncritically embraced as a panacea for urban mobility problems, with little attention paid to experimentation as an expression of austerity urbanism. this paper aims to deepen our understanding of street experiments and their relationship to automobility by contextualising their conflictual unfolding as an expression of post-political planning in the age of austerity urbanism. through a critical examination of the torino mobility lab, a collaborative pedestrianisation experiment in torino, we show how the governance-beyond-state setup of such projects masks a complex and contested coexistence of different meanings and processes for reimagining urban mobility and public space. we show how conflicts emerge embedded in the problematic and post-political governance of transport experiments. nested within austerity urbanism, the experiment remains limited in its ability to create healthy spaces for participation. we conclude by highlighting the limitations and contradictions of attempts to overcome car dependency embedded in post-political frameworks and neoliberal-austerity planning practices.
8. title: has south korea's policy of relocating public institutions been successful? a case study of 12 agglomeration areas under the innovation city policy.
authors: song hee kang, jae seung lee, saehoon kim
abstract: south korea's innovation city policy aims to balance the geography of economic activity across the country by relocating public institutions to local cities. the economic impact of relocating public institutions to local cities has been assessed by examining job creation, public spending, the quality of public services or demands for housing and employment in donor cities. however, as economies have become increasingly knowledge-based, the attractiveness of urban areas to young workers has become a metric to measure an area's economic development potential. there is a paucity of research on the economic impact of relocating public institutions that analyses the attractiveness of the destination cities for young people. thus, this paper examines the migration of young people to evaluate the economic impact of relocating public institutions on the balanced geography of economic activity across the country. the examination was conducted by analysing the effects of (1) agglomeration area location type and (2) general place quality on young people's migration. quasi-experimental research and panel regression (2010�2019) were conducted on 12 agglomeration areas. the findings revealed that relocating public institutions was more likely to attract young migrants than the control group, whereas outskirt agglomeration areas attracted and retained young people more than inner city agglomeration areas. relocating public institutions is a strategic means of attracting young people to local cities to balance the geography of economic activity. here, the effect of relocating public institutions on young people's migration varies depending on the location of agglomeration areas and the place quality of destination cities.
9. title: how have digital mobility platforms responded to covid-19 and why does this matter for 'the urban'?
authors: mike hodson, andy lockhart, andrew mcmeekin
abstract: digital mobility platforms have become increasingly pervasive over the last decade or so in a wide variety of urban contexts. much digital mobility platform activity has focused on city centres and urban cores, where returns on investment are often seen to be greatest, where existing transport infrastructure can be thick and where there are concentrated circulations of people. the global spread of coronavirus from early 2020 resulted in widespread policies of social distancing and lockdowns. though there was a geographical unevenness to such policies, covid-19 saw dramatic reductions in urban public transport provision and use, and new forms of experimentation with urban infrastructures, including with digital mobility platforms. how digital mobility platforms have responded to covid-19 is not clearly understood and requires systematic research engagement. to address this we ask: how have digital mobility platforms responded to covid-19 and what are the implications of this for 'the urban'? we develop a stylised understanding of six digital platform responses to covid-19. the status of these six responses is that they are synthetic and propositional and need to be systematically tested in a variety of actually existing urban contexts.
10. title: the heterogeneous impacts of widespread upzoning: lessons from auckland, new zealand.
authors: ka shing cheung, paavo monkkonen, chung yim yiu
abstract: zoning reform is increasingly recognised as an important strategy to increase housing affordability and environmental sustainability. few cities have undertaken significant upzoning of low-density neighbourhoods, making the 2016 auckland unitary plan (aup) probably the most ambitious zoning reform in the world. parcels zoned for single houses previously dominated auckland, but three-quarters of them now allow multiple units. existing studies have documented the building boom that followed this zoning reform, yet the relatively rare case offers additional insights. in this article, we use appraisal, census and zoning data on over 200,000 parcels in auckland to answer three research questions about the heterogeneous impacts of the aup. first, to what extent did upzoning increase the appraised value of properties' redevelopment options? second, did upzoning increase appraised property values to a greater degree in higher-income and more centrally located neighbourhoods? finally, was zoning reform in auckland significantly influenced by similar political pressures as in other countries? that is, was upzoning less likely (and downzoning more likely) in higher-income neighbourhoods? the answers to these three questions are substantially, it's complicated, and yes.
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11. title: forum: housing in the margins
authors: rachael dobson, nicholas blomley, allan cochrane, ryan thomas devlin, hanna hilbrandt
abstract: the article reviews the book housing in the margins: negotiating urban formalities in berlin's allotment gardens� by hanna hilbrandt.
12. title: the changing american neighborhood: the meaning of place in the twenty-first century
authors: richard harris
abstract: the article reviews the book �the changing american neighborhood: the meaning of place in the twenty-first century� by alan mallach and todd swanstrom.
13. title: urban design governance: soft powers and the european experience
authors: yueh-sung weng
abstract: the article reviews the book �urban design governance: soft powers and the european experience� by matthew carmona and jo�o bento.
14. title: the urban question in africa: uneven geographies of transition
authors: s�ren scholvin
abstract: the article reviews the book �the urban question in africa: uneven geographies of transition� by padraig r. carmody and james t. murphy.
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