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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�u�bjbj�n�n2��a��a�� ""��8��,��sl��cseseseseseses$tu� x<is9��is��4�ssss�j��css�cssss��?@s/s�s0�ssfxrfxss0fx��o��s��isis��s��fx��"qs: world development volume 177, issue 5, may 2024 1. title: the three eras of global inequality, 1820�2020 with the focus on the past thirty years authors: branko milanovic abstract: the paper reestimates global inequality between 1820 and 1980, reappraises the results up to 2013, and presents new inequality estimates for 2018. it shows that historically, global inequality has followed three eras: the first, from 1820 until 1950, characterized by rising income differences both between and within countries; the second, from 1950 to the last decade of the 20th century, with very high global and between-country inequality; and the current one of decreasing inequality thanks to the rise of asian incomes, and especially so chinese. the present era has seen the emergence of the global �median� class (people with per capita annual incomes ranging between $ppp 3,000 and $ppp 5,000) and the greatest reshuffling in income positions between the west and china since the industrial revolution. absolute income differences in the past 30/ years have however increased, and the income gap between the core and the poor periphery (if china is excluded) remains large: the ratio between median income in the core and periphery in 2018 exceeds 8 to 1 in ppp terms, and 22 to 1 in nominal dollars. the evolution of global inequality in the future will much more depend on what happens to the growth rates and inequality in india and large african countries than on china, as well as on the negative impact of climate change. 2. title: profit shifting of multinational corporations worldwide authors: javier garcia-bernardo, petr jansk� abstract: we exploit the new country-by-country reporting data of multinational corporations, with unparallelled country coverage, to reveal the distributional consequences of profit shifting. we estimate that multinational corporations worldwide shifted over $850 billion in profits in 2017, primarily to countries with effective tax rates below 10%. countries with lower incomes lose a larger share of their total tax revenue due to profit shifting. we further show that a logarithmic function is better suited for capturing the non-linear relationship between profits and tax rates than linear or quadratic functions. our findings highlight effective tax rates� importance for profit shifting and tax reforms. 3. title: is there a fiscal resource curse? resource rents, fiscal capacity and political institutions in developing economies authors: tania masi, antonio savoia, kunal sen abstract: while it is recognised that the ability of states to raise revenues (i.e., fiscal capacity) is important for the provision of key public goods in less developed economies, it is less clear what its determinants are and what explains cross-country differences. we focus on the impact of natural resources. standard arguments suggest that natural resource rents may harm fiscal capacity, as governments tend to substitute tax revenues with revenues from natural resources. we argue, instead, that a fiscal resource curse may materialise or not depending on whether political institutions can limit the power of the executive and on how easy it is to control or appropriate natural resources. we investigate this hypothesis using panel data methods covering the period 1995�2015 for 62 developing countries. the results suggest that: (i) point-source resources are negatively associated with fiscal capacity, while diffuse resources are not; (ii) developing economies with political institutions placing institutionalised constraints on the executive power are able to neutralise the negative effect of point-source resources on fiscal capacity. our findings imply that it is possible to develop a natural resources sector without necessarily harming fiscal capacity. 4. title: trade policy reform, retail food prices and access to healthy diets worldwide authors: rachel gilbert, leah costlow, julia matteson, jakob rauschendorfer, ... william a. masters abstract: recent use of least-cost diets as a measure of global food security revealed that over 3 billion people are unable to afford sufficient nutritious food for an active and healthy life, driving demand for policy changes to improve access and affordability. this study quantifies the role of imports in consumer prices, matching retail prices in 144 countries to imports by origin of the item or its main ingredient, resulting in a total of 13,846 pairs of a retail price and its import cost in 2017. we find that 55% of retail items had some active imports supplementing domestic production, and of those around 48% have nonzero tariffs whose average effective rate is around 6.7% of the imported commodity price. over all countries for which data are available, the share of consumer prices for least-cost healthy diets that is attributable to tariffs and non-tariff measures averages 0.67% and 2.45% globally. the highest restrictions are on nutrient-rich vegetables, fruits and animal-sourced foods. access to bulk commodities from diverse origins is essential for food and nutrition security, providing a greater diversity of foods and food ingredients at lower and more stable prices than can be grown at any one location. on average over all food products that are imported, 83% of the retail price is domestic value added after arrival. we conclude that food imports are best understood as inputs to the domestic production and distribution of retail items, with consumer prices and growth of the food sector dependent on the cost levels, infrastructure and institutions underlying each product�s entire value chain. 5. title: collective urban green revitalisation: crime control an sustainable behaviours in lower-income neighbourhoods authors: diana m. benjumea mejia, john chilton, peter rutherford abstract: the growing need to increase green spaces in highly urbanised cities has become more prominent recently. special attention is paid to involving communities in the design process to enhance societal changes for a meaningful appreciation of the natural environment. urban green collective initiatives in lower-income neighbourhoods have the potential to promote meaningful relatedness to the natural environment, agency, and stewardship. these initiatives contribute to new spatial collective norms that help decrease crime and violence. this study analyses a unique communal green space in medellin, built and maintained by residents of the villatina neighbourhood after a catastrophic landslide. after the disaster, residents exhibited self-organisation and collective efficacy to protect the space from being used by criminal actors. in 2010, the garden underwent renovations to be part of the ecosystem services network of the circumvent garden project. although participatory strategies were implemented, the new social dynamics hindered collective actions in the space. this study contends that urban green collective initiatives in lower-income neighbourhoods introduce a unique form of communal action in urban green spaces, resulting in long-term societal changes. by integrating the collective placemaking strategies and key spatial elements in participatory design protocols, balanced social-environmental dynamics may be introduced to foster sustainable consciousness and minimise criminal behaviour. 6. title: quiet resistance speaks: a global literature review of the politics of popular resistance to climate adaptation interventions authors: ana maria vargas falla, ebba brink, emily boyd abstract: despite that climate hazards are increasingly felt across the globe, there is widespread and often subtle resistance to climate adaptation interventions. however, adaptation research and practice have largely focused on overcoming barriers to implementation. by presuming adaptation programs are welcome, they miss that many people oppose or refuse to participate in them, and the politics hidden behind such resistance. we review the emerging academic literature on resistance to climate adaptation and uncover how diverse forms of adaptation resistance generate deep insights into overlooked local needs and aspirations. while it could be expected that �loud� forms of resistance, such as protests, prompted some adaptation initiatives to accommodate local needs, it was surprising to see the effects of �quiet� resistance. quiet adaptation resistance in the forms of false compliance, foot-dragging, and gossip helped affected communities to stay in their territories, maintain certain farming practices, contest exclusionary urban policies, or simply assert their agency and freedom. these results reflect that adaptation has adopted a narrow approach to development that omits the multiple and underlying causes of vulnerability � many of which are evident to those affected. we argue that even when such acts do not directly improve material conditions, they represent an alternative political engagement to reimagine adaptation considering the needs of marginalised groups beyond the participatory and community development approach. this article provides concrete examples of how quiet resistance to adaptation speaks that can help development practitioners and policy makers to better understand the limitations of adaptation initiatives and their implications for effective local security in the face of climate change. political accountability to adaptation-targeted populations could improve adaptation investments, making them more relevant, socially sustainable, and responsive to local needs. 7. title: the determinants of refugees� destinations: where do refugees locate within the eu? authors: valentina di iasio, jackline wahba abstract: the recent so called mediterranean refugee crisis has ignited concerns about the magnitude of the flows of asylum seekers to europe. this paper examines the determinants of the destination choice of first time non-eu asylum applicants to the eu, between 2008�2020. it investigates the role played by policies related to employment rights, processing of asylum applications, attractiveness of the welfare system, economic factors and networks on the destination of asylum seekers within the eu. we find that the strongest pull factor for asylum seekers to a destination is social networks both in terms of previous asylum applicants as well as stock of previous migrants. our findings also suggest that employment bans are not a strong deterrence for asylum seekers given their modest association to asylum flows. 8. title: violent instability and modern contraception: evidence from mali authors: orsola torrisi abstract: this study examines the consequences of armed violence on family planning in mali, a country where modern contraceptive use is low and a violent insurrection has been ongoing since 2012. i combine data from the 2006 and 2018 demographic and health surveys with information on conflict events location and exploit spatial and temporal variation in violence intensity in a difference-in-difference framework to investigate changes in modern contraceptive use among men and women associated with the insurrection. results indicate that exposure to the conflict is associated with reduced current use of modern contraception, particularly of shorter-acting methods. further, the insurrection is linked to increases in current (unwanted) pregnancies and women�s intention to use contraception. analyses of potential mechanisms suggest that, for women, the observed chances can be partially attributed to diminished knowledge about sources of contraception. for men, the insurrection is simultaneously related to a downward shift in fertility preferences and an upward shift in sexual activity, perhaps signalling some �supply-side� unmet need for male-controlled methods. where violence was more intense, the conflict appears to have undermined women�s reproductive autonomy. the provision of modern contraception remains a priority in humanitarian settings. to be meaningful, interventions should consider both women�s and men�s needs and integrate a gender perspective into their design. 9. title: how do transaction costs influence remittances? authors: kangni kpodar, patrick amir imam abstract: using a new quarterly panel database on remittances, this paper investigates the elasticity of remittances to transaction costs using local projections. the findings suggest that cost reductions have a short-term positive impact on remittances within a quarter, before they stabilize at a higher level. according to our estimates, reducing transaction costs to the sustainable development goal target of 3 percent could generate an additional us$32bn in remittances, higher than the direct cost savings from lower transaction costs, thus suggesting an absolute elasticity greater than one. the cost-elasticity exhibits some heterogeneity along several characteristics of the recipient country, notably competition in the remittance market, financial sector deepening, correspondent banking relationships, transparency in remittance costs, financial literacy and ict development. micro data from the usa-mexico corridor confirm that migrants facing higher transaction costs tend to remit less, and that this effect is less pronounced for skilled migrants and those that have access to a bank account. 10. title: chinese sisal estates and smallholder land uses and livelihoods, kilosa, central tanzania authors: puyang li, yujia zhang, b.l. turner, wei li abstract: the impacts of large-scale agribusiness, commonly associated with land grabbing, on smallholder livelihoods in africa have been the subject of an expansive array of research that tends to focus on socioeconomic or environmental issues. this study examines the nexus of smallholder land-livelihood dynamics from 2000 to 2018 owing to the resurrection of fiber estates in the �sisal belt� of kilosa, tanzania. here, chinese firms have restored former colonial sisal estates, offering wage opportunities to neighboring communities, giving rise to commercial rice production among smallholders and incentivizing in-migration with its increasing demands for subsistence agricultural land. the combination of estate, subsistence, and rice cultivation has enhanced smallholder livelihoods on average, suggesting positive impacts of the fiber estates. these emerging conditions, however, have generated significant landscape changes, which foretell impacts on environmental services. these dynamics of land systems are revealed through the lens of remote sensing data, field surveys and observations, and sure models. 11. title: fueling protest? climate change mitigation, fuel prices and protest onset authors: nina von uexkull, espen geelmuyden r�d, isak svensson abstract: mitigating global warming requires a rapid reduction in the use of fossil fuels which form the foundation of modern economies. fossil fuel reduction is crucial for minimizing future loss and damage associated with a changing climate, but a challenging task. in diverse contexts, climate-friendly policies that increased fuel prices have sparked massive, at times violent, protests, ultimately leading to a reversal of those policies. however, to what extent and under what conditions fuel prices and policies affect protest more generally is poorly understood. addressing this gap, we study how fuel prices affect the likelihood of protest onset. we theorize that increases in fuel prices may create economic grievances through their impacts on the cost of living and income. we also suggest that the likelihood of protest following such price increases would be particularly high where attribution of blame to government policies is feasible, such as in fuel subsidizing states, as well as when governments are seen as being able to provide a remedy such as in petroleum producing states. we evaluate our theoretical framework using global country-level monthly statistics 2003�2015, combining protest data with data on the price of gasoline, fuel policies, and country characteristics, and subject our results to placebo and sensitivity tests. our study finds that gasoline price hikes increase the likelihood of protest onset across the global sample. in line with our theoretical framework, we also find evidence for a clustering of such relationships in the presence of subsidies and oil production, where the attribution of fuel prices to government (in)action tends to be higher. these results highlight the need for policymakers to anticipate public responses to price increases. this study lays the groundwork for more detailed investigations into climate-friendly subsidy and tax reforms. 12. title: how conflict affects education: differences between boko haram and farmer-herder conflicts in nigeria authors: korede ajogbeje, kevin sylwester abstract: we investigate effects of conflict on educational attainment in nigeria, a country suffering from two types of conflict: the boko haram insurgency and violence between farmers and herders. these two conflicts involve different perpetrators having differing goals and selecting different targets. to what extent do the effects from these two types of conflict on education differ? employing a difference-in-difference technique, we find stronger evidence that conflict between farmers and herders lowers educational attainment, both in terms of magnitude and statistical significance. this is surprising given the ideological drive of boko haram to prohibit western education. 13. title: donors want it faster, humanitarian organizations get it cheaper authors: jorge garc�a castillo abstract: donors provide yearly over 20 billion usd for international assistance to humanitarian organizations who transfer up to 23% of these funds to local implementing partners. each transfer of funds seeks the maximum effectiveness through the compliance with the rules of the donor. the question of how aligned are donor policies with the ones of the recipients of funds, and what is the impact of this gap remains open. this study has gathered a unique dataset of the procurement policies from 42 institutional donors and 41 local and international humanitarian organizations. the research provides qualitative and statistical analysis on the diversity of procurement policies, and a cost model for deeper understanding of the effectiveness of humanitarian aid when implemented from institutional donors. the study shows that donors provide guidelines aiming at faster procurement, while humanitarian organizations employ more restricted processes focused on lower procurement costs and more competitive spending. the results show a statistically significant gap in the procurement thresholds of donors versus humanitarian organizations, and the existence of an efficient frontier that relates lead time and cost of the implemented projects. the results provide a unique overview of the humanitarian ecosystem and the benefits of international collaborating bodies such as the grand bargain in the standardization and convergence of policies. 14. title: social capital's role in mitigating economic vulnerability: understanding the impact of income disparities on farmers' livelihoods authors: yunhui zhang, wei zhao abstract: the primary objective of this study is to scrutinize the connection between social capital and the quality of life within marginalized communities, aiming to understand their mutual influence. it investigates how social capital influences the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods using data from the 2018 chips (china household income project) survey, which was made available in 2020. the outcome indicates that farmers' endangered life can drastically decrease without getting stupefied. moreover, the study underscores the substantial impact of social capital in reducing livelihood vulnerability across the eastern, central, and western regions. however, its efficacy appears less pronounced in the western region compared to the central region, suggesting a more significant influence in the center than in the eastern region. furthermore, the study reveals that an income gap can affect the accumulation of social capital, and a moderate income gap is most favorable for farmers in building social ties and forming social capital. however, a widening income gap increases the cost and benefits of building social ties, and substantial differences can be obtained if the costs exceed the benefits, and this situation negatively influences the social capital of poor farmers. overall, the findings confirm the hypothesis that social capital belongs to the poor but highlight the limitation of social capitalization for farmers with vulnerable livelihoods due to the widening income gap. in summary, this research underscores the significance of social capital in mitigating the economic vulnerability faced by impoverished farmers. it also highlights the need for policies focused on enhancing social capital to take into account the influence of income inequality on the accumulation of social capital. these discoveries carry significant implications for addressing poverty and promoting long-term rural development not only in china but also in other regions. 15. title: occupational and asset adjustments in tamil nadu, india: the role of a finance and rebuilding program authors: marup hossain, conner mullally, athur mabiso abstract: financial inclusion is important for long-term recovery from natural disaster-driven losses when access to safety nets or informal assistance fades away. we examine how an intervention promoting access to finance has altered primary occupations and asset accumulation among smallholders affected by the 2004 tsunami in tamil nadu, india, 16 years after the initial event. we show that the program increased professional jobs as a primary occupation by 38 percent while reducing household chores as a primary occupation by 7 percent. these impacts may have been driven by increased access to loans and improved social capital facilitated by the program. our results suggest that access to financial interventions can help adaptation and resilience-building through adjusting occupations and asset accumulation in the long run. 16. title: escaping corruption in the demand for public services in africa � the dual nature of civic networks authors: davina osei, maty konte, elvis korku avenyo abstract: understanding bureaucratic corruption in access to public services and exit mechanisms particularly for the poor remains a core question in the economics of corruption literature. this paper examines the role of social networks in easing bureaucratic corruption in the demand for public services, using a bivariate ordered probit model and the sixth wave of the afrobarometer survey from 36 african countries between 2014�2015. the main results suggest that not all citizens are victims of corrupt public officials, as social networks serve as substitutes or potential exit options out of corruption. however, individuals who face multiple deprivations lack access to public services as they are not able to use their social networks to ease access. individuals who do not face difficulties in accessing public services employ social networks as complements to their corrupt acts to �get ahead�. we discuss these findings in line with poverty eradication strategies and anti-corruption policies in africa. 17. title: role of personal network attributes in adoption of clean stoves among congolese refugees in rwanda authors: praveen kumar, naira kalra, anita shankar abstract: social networks can play an important role in influencing uptake of new technologies, especially within limited resource settings. this study explored the association of personal network attributes on adoption of a clean (tier 4 ) cookstove technology by congolese women living in a rwandan refugee camp. this study was conducted within the context of an on-going randomized controlled trial (rct) where women were offered the opportunity to take advantage of a camp program where free clean cookstoves were provided with a subscription to pellets that could be paid for by a cash for fuel program provided by the camp administration. network size, number of peers living inside the camp (camp homogeneity) and number of peers having already adopted a clean cookstove (clean cookstove homogeneity) were examined at baseline and at six-months follow-up. when clean cookstoves were distributed on a first come, first serve basis, early adopters were more likely to have peers with a tier 4 cookstove (or 7.36 (ci 4.83�11.23), p < 0.01) and less likely to have only peers living inside the camp (or 0.29 (ci 0.13�0.60), p < 0.01). following this, clean cookstoves were randomly offered explicitly to a select group of the remaining camp residents who were not early adopters. using two-wave panel data, the association between adoption and change in personal network attributes were analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders and the randomization process. in these analyses, clean cookstove homogeneity was significantly associated with clean cookstove adoption in the unadjusted (or = 1.31, ci: 1.13�1.52, p < 0.001) and adjusted models (or = 1.22, ci: 1.02�1.45, p < 0.05), suggesting that personal network attributes played a significant role in clean cookstove adoption, over and above the randomized encouragement to adopt the cookstove. the power of social networks is an untapped influence on technology adoption and should be more effectively integrated in future research and programs. 18. title: rural out-migration and water governance: gender and social relations mediate and sustain irrigation systems in nepal authors: stephanie leder, rachana upadhyaya, kees van der geest, yuvika adhikari, matthias b�ttner abstract: rural out-migration is changing agrarian political economies and natural resource governance worldwide, and gender and social relations play an important mediating role. the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rural out-migration on collective action in farmer-managed irrigation systems, with a particular focus on household structure and gender relations. we employ a mixed-methods approach combining a household survey (n = 377) of ten villages conducted in early 2021 with 80 qualitative interviews, 12 focus group discussions and participant observations in two villages carried out between 2015 and 2021 in far western nepal. using descriptive statistics as well as univariate and multivariate analyses, we explore migration patterns, household relations and the functionality of farmer-managed irrigation systems based on system maintenance, resource mobilization, and satisfaction of water allocation and conflict management. our results show that 60.7% of all households had at least one migrant in the past five years, of which 83% were male. we find that collective labor in irrigation systems is not affected by male out-migration. absent men�s labor contributions are successfully substituted by women. furthermore, participation in water user groups or irrigation committees is significantly higher in migrant households. lastly, the findings revealed no effect of migration on crop yields. these results challenge the generalizability of widespread assumptions of deteriorating community-based resource management systems, and expand debates on the �loss of labor� in rural areas and the �deagrarianisation� due to rural out-migration. our analysis contributes to current studies on migration effects on rural societies by demonstrating the sustaining role of gender and social relations in water resource governance. an important policy implication of our analysis is that women should be recognized as key actors in the agriculture and irrigation sector, and should be addressed and integrated accordingly. 19. title: �we fight to the end�: on the violence against social leaders and territorial defenders during the post-peace agreement period and its political ecological implications in the putumayo, colombia authors: juan antonio samper, torsten krause abstract: just over seven years into the implementation of the peace agreement between the colombian government and the farc-ep in october 2016, the armed conflict has reconfigured and reactivated in several parts of the country. in the putumayo department, tensions between the state, various armed groups, and rural communities over territory and crops for illicit use persisted, and even accentuated in the wake of the peace agreement. in this context, social leaders who represent ethnic and rural communities in these tensions are an extremely vulnerable group and are frequent targets of violent actions that aim to silence them. through ethnographic work involving participant observation, interviews, and dialogues spanning over the course of three years, we inquire what defending territories means, who these social leaders are, and what their roles in defending territories are. we then analyze some implications of them being silenced. we find that social leaders in the putumayo play key roles in terms of political participation as they are critical for both the discourse and practice of defending territories. we interpret the silencing of social leaders as the materialization of a political ecology of silence that, through a combination of direct and slow violence, produces oblivion and detachment. this erasure of social struggles from time and space places many communities back into a position of invisibility and historical irrelevance, jeopardizing the goal of a stable and durable peace. 20. title: manufacturing in structural change in africa authors: pierre nguimkeu, albert zeufack abstract: we investigate the scale, causes and timing of significant episodes of industrialization and deindustrialization in sub-saharan africa. recent studies have argued that the turning point of manufacturing output and employment shares tends to occur �prematurely� in this region (rodrik, 2016). we perform our analysis using panel data methods for fractional responses and data from a variety of sources for a panel of 45 african countries. our results overwhelmingly do not support the common finding that sub-saharan africa countries have begun to deindustrialize prematurely. moreover, we document meaningful heterogeneity across subregions of sub-saharan africa with the southern region being the only subregion that witnessed limited deindustrialization. however, this deindustrialization of the southern subregion does not appear to be occurring prematurely. the study also explores the potential role of dutch disease and resource-curse hypotheses in understanding sub-saharan africa�s manufacturing experience in resource rich countries. we conclude that manufacturing remains a viable and reliable path towards structural transformation in sub-saharan africa. 21. title: global exports draining local water resources: land concentration, food exports and water grabbing in the ica valley (peru) authors: a. pronti, e. zegarra, d. rey vicario, a. graves abstract: the agro-export boom is threatening the sustainability of water resources in many regions around the world. this is the case of the ica valley in peru, where in the last decades traditional agriculture has been replaced by big agricultural businesses to meet the growing international food demand. this has led to increasing land concentration by large exporting farms jointly with an increase in groundwater exploitation for irrigation. in this paper, we analyze the effect of land concentration, exporting crop specialization and irrigation intensity on groundwater sustainability using an econometric approach. our findings highlighted an inverse relation between groundwater sustainability in terms of water withdrawal in the ica valley and the intensity of irrigation (drip technology), commodity specialization and concentration of large farms. more research is needed to fully understand the impacts of this very important economic activity on peru�s natural resources, to ensure its sustainability in the long term. 22. title: do trade agreements contribute to the decline in labor share? evidence from latin american countries authors: mart�n gonz�lez-rozada, hern�n ruffo abstract: in this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in latin american countries (lac). we use trade agreements with large economies (us, eu, and china) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. during the last two decades, the countries that signed these trade agreements experienced a negative trend in labor share, while in the remaining countries there is an average increase in this share, generating a gap of 7 percentage points. we apply synthetic control methods, combined with regression analysis, to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. while effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of gdp four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. this result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. we find that trade agreements with more labor-abundant counterparts affect labor share more, in line with traditional heckscher�ohlin forces. we also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry to gdp increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant, a fact compatible with enhanced participation in global value chains. finally, a decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages. 23. title: social setting, gender, and preferences for improved sanitation: evidence from experimental games in rural india authors: emily l. pakhtigian, subhrendu k. pattanayak abstract: unimproved sanitation and hygiene practices present a persistent threat to public health and well-being. increasing the adoption of safe hygiene and sanitation requires both technological investments as well as behavioral change, suggesting that social contexts may be important in determining the success of efforts towards improved sanitation and hygiene. we examine how the social setting, particularly the gender balance of decision-making spaces, influences stated preferences for improving sanitation using a lab-in-the-field experiment. we designed a sanitation-themed public goods game in which participants made contributions that corresponded to varying levels of sanitation and hygiene investments. we implemented these games with over 1500 participants in 69 villages in rural bihar and odisha, india, randomly varying group gender composition (women only, men only, and mixed gender). our study finds that individuals playing in single gender groups make larger contributions; these increases are driven by women playing in groups with only women. in mixed gender groups, contributions increase with the share of male participants and over rounds played. we also find that preferences elicited via experimental games are correlated with revealed preferences for hygiene and sanitation � game behavior and sanitation practices are positively correlated for men and negatively correlated for women. collectively, our findings suggest that sanitation promotion programs, which rightfully focus on community mobilization, could be more effective if they explicitly incorporated gender preferences and considered the social decision-making environment in their design. 24. title: dispossessions in bolsonaro�s brazil during the covid-19 pandemic authors: daniel bin abstract: in 2020�2021 brazil simultaneously experienced the far-right presidency of jair bolsonaro and the world�s largest health crisis in a century. the covid-19 pandemic struck the country deeply, killing about 690 thousand people by late 2022. they were also years of increased pressure by capital on peasants and indigenous people, targets of the violence with which capital, ever since its dawn, has wielded to advance over spaces that serve the subsistence of immediate producers. in this period, the brazilian state continued to comply with decades-old demands from neoliberal ideology for privatizations and the dismantling of protections for workers and the poor in general. these phenomena, when articulated by theory inspired by the marxian concept of primitive accumulation, suggest that the bolsonaro administration and its class allies used the pandemic as a political opportunity for dispossessing policies. the article discusses this based on concepts that distinguish dispossessions that serve capital expansion from those that do not. the first group includes processes that lead 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