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������������������8:,f�m4zzzzz��� m"m"m"m"m"m"m$�n�wq:fm������fm��zz4[m����6�z�z m�� m���z������ny1��:�mqm0�m��q:�q��p1�q��j4��������fmfmx0����m�������������������������������������������������������������������������q�����������: science and public policy
volume 38, issue 4, may 2011
1. title: uk universities look beyond the patent policy discourse in their intellectual property strategies
authors: andersen, birgitte; rossi, federica
abstract: in recent years, policy discourse has placed much emphasis on the patenting of the outcomes of academic research. however, universities produce a wide variety of intellectual property (ip), not all of which is suitable for patenting, or which the universities may choose not to patent. building upon an original survey of 46 universities in the uk, we investigate the extent to which universities exchange several forms of ip (patents, k8凯发棋牌 copyright, open source ip, non-patented innovations), whether they are used as complements or substitutes, how relatively effective and efficient they are in allowing universities to reach certain objectives (relating to knowledge transfer, competitive positioning, knowledge creation/innovation and financial income). the results challenge the view, which underpins legislation such as the bayh-dole act and similar provisions now adopted in most oecd countries, that patents are the most effective route for knowledge dissemination in the economy.
2. title: agricultural biotechnology and regulatory innovation in india
authors: freeman, julia;�satterfield, terre;�kandlikar, milind
abstract: this article uses comparative analyses of both us and eu regulations to understand the evolution of indian policies aimed at regulating genetically engineered agriculture (primarily cotton). india initially borrowed extensively from oecd regulations, predictably emphasizing human health and environmental impacts. over time, however, india's biosafety regulations have evolved to reflect the twin imperatives of development and democracy. india expanded biosafety initially to address the economic security of farmers and later, and to a lesser extent, to increase citizen participation and consultation. much of this reconstitution has been realized through public interest litigation critical of agri-biotech regulation brought about by urban civil society groups, a legal tool that may no longer be applied under india's proposed national biotechnology regulatory authority.
3. title: innovation in global public goods: issues and challenges in provision of environment-monitoring services in europe
authors: saad, mohammed; datta, surja; papadakis, dimitrios
abstract: global climate change has necessitated a co-ordinated response from policy-makers across the world. though the imperative for action has been much discussed in policy circles, actions at the implementation level remain somewhat less well-developed. the european commission through its framework programmes has taken the lead in the development of a set of innovative services that are geared towards monitoring of the environment for the benefit of european citizens. these services are, at present, rapidly moving towards an operational phase. this paper provides a critical appraisal of the effort of the european union to develop a portfolio of operational and sustainable environment-monitoring services. it also identifies key stakeholders and discusses their role in order to raise the issue of appropriateness of a system of innovation to support this type of initiative. the paper views these services as global public goods in nature, having dynamics of innovation that are qualitatively different from that witnessed in private goods and services.
4. title: does technical education in india contribute to its core-hrst? a case study of iit madras
authors: kamath, anant
abstract: india is working towards becoming a 'knowledge superpower', expanding its technical education system. but despite a rapidly growing annual turnout of s&t graduates, there is still a disparagingly low ratio of r&d personnel in india's workforce, worrisome for its future s&t capabilities. a disquieting trend has been that graduates from even the best s&t institutions have increasingly chosen future professional or academic avenues that have little to do with their training, due to which, over time, india has lost its best science manpower. on examining a distinguished institution � iit madras � the paper unfolds the variety of interconnected incentives and disincentives at ground level that contribute to this situation. this paper is but a step towards indicating the vast amount of further investigation required in assessing whether india's technical education system has sufficiently delivered in its role as the actor primarily in charge of competence building in india's innovation system.
5. title: making climate change governable: the case of the uk climate change risk assessment and adaptation planning
authors: webb, janette
abstract: risk assessment techniques are regarded as key devices for managing adaptation to climate change; this paper examines their use in the first uk climate change risk assessment. the conceptual framework is derived from the sociology of knowledge, which treats policy makers as co-producers of knowledge, in interaction with scientists and consultants. the paper considers the framing of the problem, the creation of metrics and their limits, and the validity and legitimacy of such tools in conditions of high uncertainty. while recognising the potential contribution of risk assessment to managing complexity and assessing priorities, it argues that over-reliance on such instruments may risk understating the potential for climate-related disasters, while unintentionally increasing the real risk of failure to act effectively to adapt to inevitable change. reliance on socio-technical devices entails a top-down approach to policy, which limits engagement with the public in deliberation about social priorities and purposes. consequently politicians and civil servants may focus on the 'wrong' variables, misunderstand the assumptions and values built in to risk assessments, misuse their outputs, and possibly fail to act on the precautionary principle.
6. title: scientific publications and patenting by companies: a study of the whole population of canadian firms over 25 years
authors: archambault, �ric; larivi�re, vincent
abstract: there is evidence in the literature that technological inventions have an increasing connection to scientific knowledge. this raises two related questions: (1) are firms increasingly conducting scientific basic research? (2) is being at the scientific forefront helping firms to be closer to the technological frontier? this paper examines scientific output, as measured by numbers of papers, and technological output, as measured by patents granted to all canadian firms, during the 1980 to 2005 period. though the number of firms publishing papers and obtaining patents is increasing, scientific research and patenting by canadian firms are at near 'homeopathic' levels. firms that both publish papers and obtain patents (1) perform research that is more basic than firms that only publish scientific papers; (2) publish in more highly cited journals than firms that only perform scientific research; (3) publish papers that are more highly cited; and 4) hold patents that are more frequently cited.
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