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volume 40, issue 6, july 2011
1. title: hyperlink "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0048733311000382?_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_origin=browse&_srch=doc-info(#toc#5835#2011#999599993#3240735#fla#display#volume)&_docanchor=&_ct=10&_reflink=y&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=730797d5b86a9e6ef6dae23486d53f77" international scientist mobility and the locus of knowledge and technology transfer.
authors: jakob edler, heide fier, christoph grimpe.
abstract: many services can be self-provided. an individual user or a user firm can, for example, choose to do its own accounting � choose to self-provide that service � instead of hiring an accounting firm to provide it.since users can �serve themselves� in many cases, it is reasonable to suspect that they can also innovate with respect to the services they self-provide � possibly without the assistance of service providers. in this paper, we conduct the first quantitative exploration of the importance of services innovation by users, focusing on the field of commercial and retail banking services. we find that 55% of today�s computerized commercial banking services were first developed and implemented by non-bank firms for their own use, and 44% of today�s computerized retail banking services were first developed and implemented by individual service users rather than by commercial financial service providers. manual precursors to these services � manual procedures that carried out functions similar to computerized services in our sample � were almost always developed by users as self-services. our empirical findings differ significantly from prevalent producer-centered views of service development. we speculate that the patterns we have observed in banking with respect to the major role of
users in service development will prove to be quite general. if so, this will be an important matter: on the order of 75% of gdp in advanced economies today is derived from services. we discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice in service development.
2. title: users as service innovators: the case of banking services.
authors: oliveira, pedro; von hippel, eric.
abstract: many services can be self-provided. an individual user or a user firm can, for example, choose to do its own accounting � choose to self-provide that service � instead of hiring an accounting firm to provide it. since users can �serve themselves� in many cases, it is reasonable to suspect that they can also innovate with respect to the services they self-provide � possibly without the assistance of service providers. in this paper, we conduct the first quantitative exploration of the importance of services innovation by users, focusing on the field of commercial and retail banking services. we find that 55% of today''s computerized commercial banking services were first developed and implemented by non-bank firms for their own use, and 44% of today''s computerized retail banking services were first developed and implemented by individual service users rather than by commercial financial service providers. manual precursors to these services � manual procedures that carried out functions similar to computerized services in our sample � were almost always developed by users as self-services. our empirical findings differ significantly from prevalent producer-centered views of service development. we speculate that the patterns we have observed in banking with respect to the major role of users in service development will prove to be quite general. if so, this will be an important matter: on the order of 75% of gdp in advanced economies today is derived from services. we discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice in service development.
3. title: a failure trichotomy in knowledge exploration and exploitation.
authors: gustafsson, robin; autio, erkko.
abstract: in this article, we review current rationales for policy intervention in innovative activities. focusing particularly on market and system failure rationales, we disentangle related underlying mechanisms for knowledge exploration and exploitation. we provide a novel contribution to the system failure literature by distinguishing between system-level inertia and inhibited emergence. our conceptualization of inhibited emergence draws on literatures related to neo-institutional sociology, the social construction of technology, and on organizational cognition and learning literatures, and it presents elemental socio-cognitive mechanisms that influence and direct knowledge exploration and exploitation in innovation systems. we compare related, yet theoretically distinct concepts of market failure, system-level inertia, and inhibited emergence, and show how each addresses distinct coordinative mechanisms and field-level dynamics and related socio-cognitive processes.
4. title: creating advantage in peripheral regions: the role of publicly funded r&d centres.
authors: hewitt-dundas, nola; roper, stephen.
abstract: regional investment in r&d, technological development and innovation is perceived as being strongly associated with productivity, growth and sustained international competitiveness. one policy instrument by which policy makers have attempted to create regional advantage has been the establishment of publicly funded research centres (prcs). in this paper we develop a logic model for this type of regional intervention and examine the outputs and longer-term outcomes from a group of (18) publicly funded r&d centres. our results suggest some positive regional impacts but also identify significant differences in terms of innovation, additionality and sustainability between university-based and company-based prcs. university-based prcs have higher levels of short-term additionality, demonstrate higher levels of organisational innovation but prove less sustainable. company-based prcs demonstrate more partial additionality in the short-term but ultimately prove more sustainable.
5. title: managing university technology development using organizational control theory.
authors: johnson, william h.a.
abstract: how can the development and commercialization of university-based technology be managed more effectively? in approaching this question, the paper utilizes organizational control theory (oct) to analyze the effects of organizational controls on performance at each stage of a generic university-industry technology transfer (uitt) process. the paper contributes to the literature by providing a conceptual framework that is useful for explaining major issues found in the largely empirical literature on uitt. the analysis also elucidates the most effective controls, which vary across stages. as such, the paper also contributes to the literature by taking a longitudinal perspective on oct in the uitt process. managers and researchers of uitt may benefit from utilizing an organizational controls perspective when managing and studying the uitt phenomenon. managerial and research implications are discussed in order to improve uitt management and drive future conceptually-grounded research in the area.
6. title: job satisfaction patterns of scientists and engineers by status of birth.
authors: sabharwal, meghna.
abstract: the latest figures published by the science and engineering indicators report reveals that in 2003, 33% of faculty in science and engineering departments at research universities were foreign-born, a number that has more than doubled in thirty years. foreign-born faculty members comprise an important part of the scientific enterprise that has been understudied. the purpose of this study is to examine the job satisfaction patterns of scientists and engineers by status of birth using a very large and comprehensive national science foundation (nsf) dataset, the survey of doctoral recipients (sdr). the results of the study indicate that foreign-born scientists and engineers are less satisfied in several areas of their work life as compared to their us-born peers.
7. title: the impact of nih postdoctoral training grants on scientific productivity.
authors: jacob, brian a.; lefgren, lars.
abstract: in this paper, we estimate the impact of receiving an nih postdoctoral training grant on subsequent publications and citations. our sample consists of all applications for nih postdoctoral training grants (unsuccessful as well as successful) from 1980 to 2000. both ordinary least squares and regression discontinuity estimates show that receipt of an nih postdoctoral fellowship leads to about one additional publication over the next five years, which reflects a 20% increase in research productivity.
8. title: performance impact of research policy at the chinese academy of sciences.
authors: zhang, daqun; banker, rajiv d.; li, xiaoxuan; liu, wenbin.
abstract: we present evidence on productivity improvement experienced by the research institutes of the chinese academy of sciences (cas) after its implementation of the knowledge innovation program (kip). using a balanced panel of data on r&d inputs and outputs of 59 research institutes in cas, we analyze the productivity, technological and efficiency changes from 1997 to 2005. we document that the cas research institutes have a productivity growth of 12.5% from 1998 to 2005, which can be further decomposed into 8.8% attributed to technological progress and 3.3% to efficiency improvement. results of regional analysis show that institutes in beijing and shanghai, performed better than institutes in other regions during the same period.
9. title: using patent citation patterns to infer innovation market competition.
authors: patel, darshak; ward, michael r.
abstract: we propose an empirical strategy to estimate competition in innovation markets. our method relates firms� market return on equity to information about patent citation patterns. two innovations are implemented in the methodology. first is the application of daily abnormal stock returns rather than annual measures of tobin''s q. second is the creation of citation patterns related to the area of science a firm patents in as represented by the detailed patent classification system. we find that markets positively reward firms when patents are granted. we further find that firm''s market value increases when its patent portfolio is cited. we find evidence of competition in innovation markets. the market reacts at the time that the citation occurs and does not anticipate future citations at the time of patenting. holding this effect constant, we find that citations from patents in the same area of science tend to reduce market value. we interpret these findings as consistent with more citations indicating more valuable intellectual property but citations from competing technologies decreasing it.
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