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volume 48, issue 6, december 2021
1. title: does the inclusion of non-academic reviewers make any difference for grant impact panels?
authors: junwen luo, lai ma, kalpana shankar.
abstract: broader impact of scientific research beyond academia has become increasingly important in research evaluation. to evaluate broader impact of research proposals, some funding agencies compose mixed panels that include peer experts and non-academic stakeholders. whether and how non-academic reviewers bring any difference to panel discussions has been understudied. we analysed 164 review reports (2014�6) from the investigators programme (funding science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields) at science foundation ireland, where two types of panels, with and without non-academics, were composed for impact assessments. we find that the mixed panel reviews were longer and touched upon broader and more concrete impact topics. also, mixed panels commented on causality and attribution of impact towards characteristics of applicants and research process more than scientific excellence. a survey of the same reviewer pool supplements our understanding of the pros and cons of the inclusion of non-academic reviewers. we discuss some policy recommendations for funding agencies to organise review panels.
2. title: local r&d support as a driver of network diversification: a cross-regional comparison in japan
authors: keisuke takano, hiroyuki okamuro.
abstract: this study compares the effects of local research and development (r&d) support programs on firm performance in three neighboring prefectures in the same district in japan. particularly, we focus on the regional and industrial diversification of transaction networks as the outcome to evaluate regional innovation policies for higher competitiveness. one of these prefectures has a large industrial agglomeration around world-leading manufacturers, which is not applicable to the other two prefectures. empirical evaluation based on a firm-level dataset confirms only weak and partial effects of local r&d support on business diversification, but provides evidence of different consequences of local innovation policies, reflecting the differences in industrial structure, geographical positions, and policy schemes.
3. title: promissory ethical regimes: publics and public goods in genome editing for human health
authors: matthias wienroth, jackie leach scully.
abstract: this paper analyses promissory discourse for genome editing and human health in the uk, attending to the articulation of public goods and their beneficiary publics. focusing on promissory reasoning about an emerging technology field as anticipatory and ethical considerations as integral to such debates, the notion of ethical regime as a mode of governance is applied to the concept of promissory regime. by analyzing key documents and interviews with opinion leaders�thus focusing on the discursive dimension�an enabling promissory ethical regime for genome editing and its contestation are identified. this regime posits scientific knowledge production now, and improved treatment or prevention of hereditary diseases later, as key goods of genome editing for human health and as a sociotechnical project worthy of support. specific publics are created as beneficiaries. these publics and goods play out as ethical rationales for the promissory governance of the emerging field of human genome editing.
4. title: opening up science for a sustainable world: an expansive normative structure of open science in the digital era
authors: ruben vicente-saez, robin gustafsson, clara martinez-fuentes.
abstract: new digital technologies and tools, together with evolving open physical and digital infrastructures, are remodelling science and innovation practices at universities and challenging their existing cultures, cognitive norms, missions, and policies. the purpose of this empirical study was to understand how existing and recently adopted open science practices and the underlying principles and attitudes of research teams support the advancement of knowledge and the development of actions, solutions, and technologies for sustainable development. the results of this study provide novel insights and important suggestions to guide the advancement of open science and innovation policies at universities for a sustainable economy, society, and environment�in sum, for a sustainable world. we infer a new expansive normative structure�practices, norms, and institutional goal�for open science and a new role of researchers in the digital era. based on our findings, we propose an expansive model of university research and innovation to guide the renewal of university governance in the digital era.
5. title: enemies of the future? questioning the regimes of promising in emerging science and technology
authors: douglas k r robinson, marc aud�tat, pierre-benoit joly, harro van lente.
abstract: this editorial introduces the basic idea and content of the special section �enemies of the future? questioning the regimes of promising in emerging science and technology�. it sheds light on how visions and stories of technological futures are being produced and, in combination, have stabilized into �regimes of promising� that shape emerging technoscientific domains and guide research, innovation, and governance within these domains. the special section zooms in to particular illustrative instances that reveal the dynamics of the dominant regime of promising and also reveal how they are breaking down and in some cases being replaced by alternatives. the purpose of this special section is to show the importance of regimes of promising for research and innovation policy and to stimulate further discussions on alternative regimes of promising and their ramifications.
6. title: making personalized medicine ethical: a critical examination of the new promises of �personalized health� in switzerland
authors: gaia barazzetti, nolwenn b�hler, marc aud�tat, alain kaufmann.
abstract: this article explores how promises are forged in the emerging techno-scientific field of �personalized health� (ph) in switzerland and how they challenge the research-healthcare boundary when dealing with issues of ethical acceptability. switzerland provides a relevant location in which to examine these questions as ph has emerged in this context with the specific connotation of improving health in the population as a whole, through the development of a data infrastructure to enable nationwide accessibility and sharing of health-related data. drawing on our analyses of discourses and practices of scientific and institutional actors, we show that the development of ph in switzerland is the result of ethical boundary work aimed at enrolling local biomedical institutions, heterogeneous groups of professionals, as well as the general public in nationwide research initiatives with important implications for healthcare and the healthcare system.
7. title: effects of multilevel policy mix of public r&d subsidies: empirical evidence from japanese local smes
authors: hiroyuki okamuro, junichi nishimura.
abstract: regional innovation policies have been implemented in several countries. in japan, controlled decentralization of traditionally centralized innovation policy is ongoing, so that we can observe multilevel policy mix of public r&d (research and development) subsidies by national, prefecture, and city governments. however, empirical studies on multilevel r&d support using panel data and considering municipality level have been scarce. based on original survey data and financial data of manufacturing small and medium enterprises (smes), we estimate their total factor productivity (tfp) and empirically investigate the effects of public r&d subsidies by national, prefecture, and city governments. we employ firm-level fixed-effect panel estimation in order to control for the effects of any unobservable time-invariant factors. we find that multilevel subsidies (especially those involving city subsidies) complementarily and persistently increase recipients� tfp. these results suggest significant advantages of multilevel policy mix, especially those involving city subsidies.
8. title: addressing digital diversity: care matters in vulnerable digital relations in a swedish library context
authors: johanna sefyrin, mariana gustafsson, elin wihlborg.
abstract: as societies become increasingly digitalized, the requirements for inclusion continuously increase. in a swedish public, municipal, library context, it is common that individuals who face difficulties related to digital technologies come and ask for help. in this paper, we explore care in relations constituted by individuals and digital technologies and analyze how care matters for digital inclusion. it builds on field studies in a swedish library context and includes qualitative interviews, focus groups, and observations of employees working to support individuals with digital needs. in order to analyze the material, we apply the concept of care. in the concluding discussion, we argue first for viewing individuals as sociomaterial entanglements of relations constituted by humans and non-humans, second that these sociomaterial entangled relations are vulnerable, shifting, and fluid, rather than stable, and third that these relations are in constant need of care.
9. title: rejecting acceptance: learning from public dialogue on self-driving vehicles
authors: jack stilgoe, tom cohen.
abstract: the investment and excitement surrounding self-driving vehicles are huge. we know from earlier transport innovations that technological transitions can reshape lives, livelihoods, and places in profound ways. there is therefore a case for wide democratic debate, but how should this take place? in this paper, we explore the tensions between democratic experiments and technological ones with a focus on policy for nascent self-driving/automated vehicles. we describe a dominant model of public engagement that imagines increased public awareness leading to acceptance and then adoption of the technology. we explore the flaws in this model, particularly in how it treats members of the public as users rather than citizens and the presumption that the technology is well-defined. analysing two large public dialogue exercises in which we were involved, our conclusion is that public dialogue can contribute to shifting established ideas about both technologies and the public, but that this reframing demands openness on the part of policymakers and other stakeholders. rather than seeing public dialogues as individual exercises, it would be better to evaluate the governance of emerging technologies in terms of whether it takes place �in dialogue�.
10. title: knowledge transfer profiles of public research organisations: the role of fields of knowledge specialisation
authors: eva m de la torre, maryam ghorbankhani, federica rossi, marti sagarra.
abstract: while public research organisations (pros) are increasingly expected to transfer knowledge to businesses and other stakeholders, their engagement in knowledge transfer (kt) activities is still under-researched. better understanding of pros� kt engagement, including how it is shaped by pros� organisational characteristics, could lead to better tailored policies in support to pros� effort to transfer knowledge. we develop a conceptual framework linking pros� specialisation in different fields of knowledge to their profiles of kt engagement and validate it empirically using a six-year panel data set of 33 pros in the uk. we use multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis techniques to identify three distinct kt profiles, which are stable over time, and strongly associated with the pros� knowledge field specialisation. we argue that these profiles may depend on the different market readiness and user specificity of knowledge outputs arising from different fields of knowledge and derive implications for theory, policy, and practice.
11. title: academic human capital in universities: definition and proposal of a measurement scale
authors: natalia garc�a-carbonell, f�lix guerrero-alba, fernando mart�n-alc�zar, gonzalo s�nchez-gardey.
abstract: academic human capital (ahc) is a key element in the explanation of scientific productivity. however, few studies have analysed this topic in the academic context, and their conclusions about composition and measurement remain ambiguous. this study proposes a measurement scale to assess ahc, following a systemic procedure composed of two steps: qualitative and quantitative phases. first, the delphi technique was applied to reach a consensus on the ahc factors, resulting in a scale of 22 items. second, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the underlying factorial structure of the scale, using a sample of 2,223 researchers in spanish universities. the results provided a five-dimensional structure of ahc, measuring the knowledge and abilities required to perform research activities, as well as skills related to the organisation of scientific processes, alertness to research opportunities, and the openness to provide and receive criticism. this study poses interesting challenges for knowledge management in universities.
12. title: promoting the ict industry for the future with fears from the past
authors: jongheon kim.
abstract: unlike other developed countries, the fourth industrial revolution (4ir) discourse has become the central element within technology governance in korea. this paper examines the reasons for the discourse�s success and its political and social implications. based on the analysis of policy documents and the media coverage, i argue that political and economic elites have actively introduced the 4ir discourse to create novel momentum for promoting information and communications technology (ict) and to justify deregulatory measures while re-enacting the developmentalist imaginary. i also highlight that the 4ir discourse�s promoters have drawn upon the dialectics between the desirable future and the nation�s shared fear to urge the korean society to accept the measures privileging the industry as the means of making the nation a developed country and avoiding being colonized again.
13. title: the past futures of techno-scientific promises
authors: pierre-benoit joly, claire le renard.
abstract: previous studies have shown that techno-scientific promises play key roles in the process of emergence of new technologies. the role of promises in the emergence of old technologies when they were young has, however, been overlooked. the main objective of this paper is to fill this gap. we draw on the concept of �regime of historicity�, defined as an organizational structure given societies impose on the experience of time and articulate the present, the past, and the future. using four case studies, we argue that the way techno-scientific promises align with regimes of historicity is crucial. this paper shows that promising in the presentist regime using the modernist frame of innovation (creative destruction) raises many problems instead, the building of horizons of hope may rest on promises based on processes of collective experimentation.
14. title: frictions in the bioeconomy? a case study of policy translations and innovation practices
authors: gisle solbu.
abstract: building on a case study of a strategic funding initiative for biotechnology research and innovation, the paper analyses how policy objectives concerning innovation and value creation are responded to within the practices of researchers and governance actors. the paper employs an analytical perspective that centres on the interrelation between policy articulations and actors� daily work practices and provides a novel study of how innovation demands are negotiated and made sense of within the context of three different empirical sites: national policy and science governance, intermediary science governance, and research practices. the paper addresses a problematic �hopeful� mode of governance in today�s policy that is based on the idea of filling innovation deficits in current practices. as an alternative to this mode, the paper argues for the need for a more empathetic and practice-oriented policy discourse on innovation and value creation.
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