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��ࡱ�>�� ~��u �r��vbjbj�n�n2t��a��a�n ��""��8�\u��olqqqqq��uowowowowowowo$bq�t<�o��o��qq4�o)))��q�quo)�uo)))q��@ze��r��w4)ao�o0�o)tt�ftt))�/tt�ll��)��o�o�8��o��tt��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 3, april 2023 1. title: uncertainty and risk-taking in science: meaning, measurement and management in peer review of research proposals authors: chiara franzoni, paula stephan abstract: concern that the selection of research projects by peer review disfavors risky science has called attention to ways to incorporate risk into the evaluation of research proposals. this discussion often occurs in the absence of well-defined and developed concepts of what risk and uncertainty mean in science. this paper sets out to address this void with the goal of providing building blocks to further the discussion of the meaning of risk and uncertainty in science. the core contributions of the paper are fourfold. first, we outline the meaning of risk in science, drawing on insights from literatures on risk and uncertainty. second, based on this outline, we discuss possible ways in which programs can embrace a more comprehensive concept of risk and embed it in peer review of proposals, with the goal of not penalizing risky research proposals with the potential of high return when funding decisions are made. third, we make an important distinction between research projects involving high-risk and research projects whose evaluation is subjected to ambiguity/radical uncertainty. fourth, we discuss possible ways of addressing ambiguity/radical uncertainty by funding agencies. 2. title: the subjective expected utility approach and a framework for defining project risk in terms of novelty and feasibility � a response to franzoni and stephan (2023), �uncertainty and risk-taking in science� authors: jacqueline n. lane abstract: in their discussion paper, franzoni and stephan (f&s, 2023) discuss the shortcomings of existing peer review models in shaping the funding of risky science. their discussion offers a conceptual framework for incorporating risk into peer review models of research proposals by leveraging the subjective expected utility (seu) approach to decouple reviewers' assessments of a project's potential value from its risk. in my response, i build on f&s's discussion and attempt to shed light on three additional yet core considerations of risk in science: 1) how risk and reward in science are related to assessments of a project's novelty and feasibility; 2) how the sunk cost literature can help articulate why reviewers tend to perceive new research areas as riskier than continued investigation of existing lines of research; and 3) how drawing on different types of expert reviewers (i.e., based on domain and technical expertise) can result in alternative evaluation assessments to better inform resource allocation decisions. the spirit of my response is to sharpen our understanding of risk in science and to offer insights on how future theoretical and empirical work�leveraging experiments� can test and validate the seu approach for the purposes of funding more risky science that advances the knowledge frontier. 3. title: the jurisdiction of the subjective expected utility (seu) approach to risk-taking in science � a response to franzoni and stephan (2023), �uncertainty and risk-taking in science� authors: thomas heinze abstract: this paper discusses the seu approach with regard to its �jurisdiction�; i.e. where it should and where it should not be applied. it is argued that the seu approach must address the fundamental tension between exploration and exploitation; that it should be applied only to disciplines or fields that have low degrees of both technical and strategic uncertainties; and that funders need to prevent the seu approach from spilling over to evaluations of exploratory projects, for which it is clearly not suited. in addition, the paper argues that the seu approach needs to respond to the �fund people, not projects� argument. finally, it calls for many more empirical and preferably experimental studies with the aim of shedding light on how the seu approach works in practice. in this regard, novel techniques should be used more frequently than today, such as specification curve analysis that encompasses all reasonable explanatory specifications that are both theoretically consistent and statistically valid and non-redundant. 4. title: against misleading technocratic precision in research evaluation and wider policy � a response to franzoni and stephan (2023), �uncertainty and risk-taking in science� authors: andy stirling abstract: franzoni and stephan (2023) recommend a probabilistic �subjective expected utility� technique for addressing challenges of uncertainty in research evaluation. whilst acknowledging strengths in f&s's analysis, this response highlights a series of important practical, theoretical and methodological deficiencies. the stakes are raised, in that these are widely shared in a growing body of practice across research policy and beyond. this practice seeks to reduce and aggregate real-world complex, ambiguous, qualitative, multidimensional and contested challenges through ostensibly precise calculation. taking associated problems in turn, this response shows how f&s: make scientifically dubious claims; understate the depths of uncertainty; overstate the sufficiency of quantification; neglect foundational limits to calculation; and ignore crucial interpretive dimensions of policy making. highlighting roles for greater methodological diversity, this response points at the end to alternative methods that collectively allow more robustly plural approaches to contrasting aspects of incertitude. in the process, the steering of directions for research can become more rigorous and accountable and less vulnerable to manipulation and inadvertent bias. with globally growing �post-truth� authoritarian populism arguably partly provoked by the kind of technocracy criticised here, research evaluation may in a small way help re-invigorate democracy by �opening up� in this particular area, the hiding of politics behind expertise. 5. title: how does digital piracy affect innovation? evidence from software firms authors: wendy a. bradley, julian kolev abstract: despite digital piracy's well-documented impact on firm revenue, the relationship between piracy and firm innovation, including the creation of new intellectual property (ip) rights, is not well-understood. to fill this gap, this paper estimates the impact of piracy on innovation through a quasi-experimental design and explores the mechanisms driving this relationship using data on software firms. leveraging a 2001 technological shock that suddenly enabled rising software piracy, we find increases in subsequent r&d spending, k8凯发棋牌 copyrights, trademarks, and patents for large, incumbent software firms. furthermore, firms with large patent portfolios appear to disproportionately increase k8凯发棋牌 copyrights and trademarks following the piracy shock. after considering alternatives, our analysis suggests that impacted firms perceive piracy as a form of product-market competition that causes them to increase innovation and balance their ip portfolios. 6. title: global value chains and domestic innovation authors: keiko ito, kenta ikeuchi, chiara criscuolo, jonathan timmis, antonin bergeaud abstract: this paper explores how changes in both position and participation in global value chain (gvc) networks affect firm innovation. the analysis combines matched patent-firm data for japan with measures of gvc network centrality and gvc participation using the oecd inter-country input-output (icio) tables over the period from 1995 to 2011. we find that japan's position in gvcs has shifted from being at the core of asian value chains towards the periphery relative to other countries in the network, i.e., becoming less �central�. we use china's accession to the world trade organization as an instrumental variable for changes in japanese centrality. our analysis shows that increases in japanese sectors' forward centrality � i.e. as a key supplier - tend to be positively associated with increasing firms' patent applications in these sectors and that firms in key hubs within gvcs, specifically as key suppliers, appear to benefit from knowledge spillovers from downstream markets. 7. title: the heterogeneous effects of patent scope on licensing propensity authors: honggi lee abstract: how does patent scope influence licensing propensity of inventions? prior studies have often been confined to specific industries or settings, and their results have been mixed with studies showing a positive, a negative, or even no significant relationship. also, while some have explored moderating factors that might influence the patent scope-licensing relationship, a systematic investigation of the heterogeneous effects of patent scope on licensing at the invention level has not been undertaken. this study combines a broad sample of publicly reported patent licensing agreements and a novel methodology that captures an exogenous variation in patent scope to re-investigate the relationship between patent scope and licensing and to explore key invention and inventor characteristics that could influence this relationship. the results show that narrowed patent scope leads to a substantial decline in licensing propensity of inventions and that the effect is stronger for high-quality, science-based, and novel inventions as well as for inventions generated by small inventors. 8. title: chilling effects of patent trolls authors: feng chen, yu hou, jiaping qiu, gordon richardson abstract: we find that non-practicing entities (npes) exhibit a unique legal strategy of sequential rounds: (1) subject to the same patent, npe plaintiffs file approximately seven follow-on lawsuits after the initial lawsuit; and (2) when a firm is sued by npes, the likelihood of its technology peers being sued increases by 14 % in the subsequent year. defendants' technology peers experience significant market value losses around the lawsuit filing date. moreover, defendants' technology peers respond to npe litigation risk by increasing r&d investments to develop workaround technologies. however, the increase in r&d incrementally generates fewer patent citations or patents with lower values. thus, our results highlight broader wealth effects and corresponding real effects of npe-initiated litigation on defendants' technology peers. these results provide sharp contrasts to the insignificant wealth and real impacts on defendants' technology peers if litigations are initiated by practicing entities (pes). the new evidence informs the current regulatory and policy debates pertaining to npes. 9. title: innovation effects of academic executives: evidence from china authors: xiaosheng ju, shengjun jiang, qifeng zhao abstract: since the 1980s, policy reforms have been undertaken in china to gradually promote entrepreneurship of academic researchers. based on manually collected data on academic executives (defined as either chairperson of the board or ceo, who had an academic title), we investigate the effects of academic executives on corporate technological capabilities and innovation performance among chinese listed manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2015. our results demonstrate that firms with academic executives are more likely to implement technological advancement strategies by increasing firm basic research, collaborating with outside institutions, and providing incentives to knowledge workers. consequently, they have enhanced technological capabilities, as well as a higher quantity and quality of innovation output. in addition, firms with academic executives are more likely to have better financial performance regarding sales and profitability and keep a higher proportion of profits inside the firm to reinvest. the identification of the causal effects of academic executives relies on top executive turnover within firms and the propensity score matching strategy. further analysis demonstrates that the effects of academic executives are more pronounced when they have a higher academic title, administrative experience, and a specialization in sciences. our findings suggest that promoting entrepreneurship of academic researchers is an effective way of diffusing and utilizing knowledge, and it provides an internal driving force for the enhancement of corporate technological capabilities, which is crucial for technological catch-up of firms in latecomer countries. 10. title: institutional logics and founders' identity orientation: why academic entrepreneurs aspire lower venture growth authors: bart clarysse, petra andries, sarah boone, jolien roelandt abstract: this study examines how the identity orientation of founders, i.e., the extent to which they define themselves in terms of their relationships to others and to social groups, is imprinted by their professional logic and influences their ambitions for venture growth. we draw on existing insights regarding the darwinian, communitarian, and missionary orientation of entrepreneurs and on interviews with 29 founders to develop our hypotheses, which we then test in a sample of 58 academic and 113 non-academic founders that participated in a venture competition. we argue that, compared to non-academic institutional logics, academic logics are tied to a stronger communitarian and missionary orientation and a weaker darwinian orientation in founders. a stronger darwinian orientation values venture growth, whereas a stronger communitarian orientation appraises the benefit of the technology for a restricted set of people at the expense of such growth ambitions. a stronger missionary orientation values welfare maximization for society which may to some degree entail higher growth aspirations. we argue and empirically confirm that these identity orientations explain why academic founders hold lower growth aspirations for their start-up than non-academic founders. our findings can at least partially clarify why academic start-ups do not grow according to expectancies. they theoretically advance our insights in academic entrepreneurship and founders' growth aspirations while also extending the literature on founders' identity orientation. 11. title: the rich or the poor? personal resources, do-it-yourself, and innovation in the household sector authors: max mulhuijzen, jeroen p.j. de jong abstract: household sector innovation is significant in scale and scope. thus far, it has been studied in isolation and with mixed evidence regarding the role of personal resources (consumers' income and discretionary time). we recognize that household sector innovation is embedded in the broader phenomenon of do-it-yourself (diy) by consumers, as the literature reveals conceptual similarities, parallel motivations, and antecedents. the main distinction is that, whereas diy goods may replicate existing products, household sector innovation is restricted to goods embodying a novel function. we explore if studying household sector innovation and diy in an integrated framework helps to resolve previous inconsistent evidence on the role of personal resources. based on a neoclassical model in which agents optimize their time allocation, we hypothesize that income and discretionary time positively relate to their diy output, but�given that agents develop diy goods�we hypothesize that income negatively relates to innovation. for discretionary time, we formulate a research question regarding its effect on innovation which we answer empirically. our findings suggest that consumers with more personal resources derive more process benefits from diy but that these benefits crowd out individuals' focus on the function of their objects, hence, the likelihood of developing innovations. survey data from the united arab emirates (n = 2728) confirm our suppositions, showing that the relationship between personal resources and household sector innovation is more refined than suggested by previous studies. 12. title: understanding regional innovation cultures: narratives, directionality, and conservative innovation in bavaria authors: sebastian m. pfotenhauer, alexander wentland, luise ruge abstract: in recent years, innovation policy has increasingly embraced �situated� perspectives to better account for both how culture matters for innovation in diverse settings and how to deal with growing socio-economic inequalities and conflicts in the global innovation landscape. in this paper, we develop the framework of �regional innovation cultures� to put these perspectives on more solid theoretical footing. regional innovation cultures refer to unique ways in which regional innovation initiatives and technology developments (their goals, meanings, material organization, and actor constellations) are being brought into alignment with local identities, socio-economic legacies, and unique political cultures. our framework foregrounds five analytic dimensions: imagined social orders, representations, political cultures, relationship to national and global initiatives, and local controversies. we apply this framework to one in-depth regional case study of the german state of bavaria, focusing on innovation policy in three sectors: space, agriculture, and automotive. we show how bavaria enacts what we call a �conservative innovation culture�, where innovation is framed as a way to preserve socio-economic orders rather than disrupt them, and where political and economic incumbents forcefully shape and absorb emerging niche activities. innovation in bavaria is performed through a political culture of small state-like corporatism that emphasizes strong coordination of all major actors, grants state bureaucracies a key role in defining directions for innovation in the form of a quasi-technonationalism, and tends to sideline alternative visions and voices for innovation. across all three sectors, culture serves as a framing device to legitimize innovation primarily as an extension of existing social orders; conversely, innovation serves as a vehicle to reinforce dominant ideas of the public good. through the lens of culture, innovation ceases to be primarily a source of social change and disruption, but can be understood as a mode of socio-cultural reproduction subject to tentative, constrained experimentation. innovation initiatives cannot break too radically with existing social norms and orders without risking public support or legitimacy, thus creating a trade-off between proposing novelty and ensuring continuity. our analysis lends further support for constructivist approaches to innovation studies, emphasizing plural and socially grounded perspectives on the rationalization, implementation, and evaluation of innovation. 13. title: american postdoctoral salaries do not account for growing disparities in cost of living authors: tim sainburg abstract: the national institute of health (nih) sets postdoctoral (postdoc) trainee stipend levels that many american institutions and investigators use as a basis for postdoc salaries. although salary standards are held constant across universities, the cost of living in those universities� cities and towns vary widely. across non-postdoc jobs, more expensive cities pay workers higher wages that scale with an increased cost of living. this work investigates the extent to which postdoc wages account for cost of living differences. more than 27,000 postdoc salaries across all us universities are analyzed alongside measures of regional differences in cost of living. we find that postdoc salaries do not account for cost of living differences, in contrast with the broader labor market in the same cities and towns. despite a modest increase in income in high cost of living areas, real (cost of living adjusted) postdoc salaries differ by 29% ($15k 2021 usd) between the least and most expensive areas. cities that produce greater numbers of tenure-track faculty relative to students such as boston, new york, and san francisco are among the most impacted by this pay disparity. the postdoc pay gap is growing and is well-positioned to incur a greater financial burden on economically disadvantaged groups and contribute to faculty hiring disparities in women and racial minorities. !"$),./02;��ʸʦʦ��tl_qc6qhj�5�ojqj^jo(h{?�h{?�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h{?�h{?�5�cjojqj^jaj#he!he!5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h{?�h{?�5�cjojqj^jaj/01�� \x��f}��@w[\��#�#��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�� 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