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��ࡱ�>�� ce����b��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�;,bjbj�n�n2>��a��a-$ �������""������������8�4-��nlaaaaauuu{n}n}n}n}n}n}n$hp�s<�n�uuuuu�n��aa4�n===u��a�a{n=u{n===a������1������c=gn�n0�n=zss:zs==21zs�ok�uu=uuuuu�n�n��uuu�nuuuu��������������������������������������������������������������������zsuuuuuuuuu"q s: american sociological review volume 88, issue 5, october 2023 1. title: inequality below the poverty line since 1967: the role of the u.s. welfare state authors: zachary parolin, matthew desmond, christopher wimer abstract: since the war on poverty in the 1960s, the u.s. social safety net has shifted away from direct cash assistance for the lowest-income households and toward tax-based transfers targeted at working families with children. previous research has assessed this shift by evaluating its effect on the national poverty rate. doing so, however, overlooks how it may also have led to increased inequality among low-income households. we apply a decomposition framework to measure how changes in taxes/transfers and composition have affected trends in inequality below the poverty line from 1967 to 2019. income inequality among the poorest households has been volatile since the 1960s, and changes to the american welfare state played a decisive role in expanding or reducing inequality below the poverty line. unlike in previous decades, after the mid-1990s, the policies that most reduced poverty were also those that most increased inequality among the poor. these findings challenge standard theories regarding the effectiveness of income transfers in reducing poverty by revealing that recent state-led antipoverty efforts have placed the near poor and the deeply poor on divergent paths. 2. title: the right to work and american inequality authors: tom vanheuvelen abstract: labor historians describe right to work (rtw) as among the most consequential pushbacks against the early twentieth-century ascent of labor unions. yet research on the economic consequences of rtw remains mixed, with nearly all research centered empirically and theoretically on the time surrounding rtw passage. in the current study, i use 41 waves of longitudinal data from the panel study of income dynamics between 1968 and 2019 to empirically and theoretically extend the mechanisms that link rtw and economic outcomes. first, following the vast majority of research on rtw, i show the demobilizing effects for labor following rtw passage: mean wages decline, wage inequality increases, and the union premium is halved in the middle and lower portion of the wage distribution. second, i move theoretical focus beyond the time surrounding law enactment, arguing for a second-order effect whereby rtw institutionalizes a logic of polarized economic distributions and low labor power. to test this mechanism, i develop a novel strategy of comparison across respondents who are differentially mobile across state boundaries. i find individuals who cross rtw contexts experience a unique decline in mean wages and increase in wage variance, but this distinct trend can be explained by state-level institutional variation across rtw and non-rtw states. thus, rtw is not only consequential in the periods around its passage, but also in establishing a long-standing, high-inequality regime. results reveal multiple mechanisms by which rtw contributes to the long-run processes of union decline and broadly shared inequality growth. 3. title: identity theft, trust breaches, and the production of economic insecurity authors: jordan brensinger abstract: across various domains of social life, organizational reliance on personal data and exposure to unanticipated financial hardship have transformed americans� life chances and access to opportunities. this article examines an area where they intersect: the hardship caused by breakdowns in information systems. i focus on the case of identity theft, showing how that event�experienced by tens of millions of americans annually�contributes to economic insecurity. to do so, i first develop a theory of insecurity that links feelings of precariousness to breaches of trust at three levels: interpersonal, organizational, and systemic. drawing on an original qualitative study of identity theft resolution, i find that most victims worried about their financial lives because they could no longer count on certain people, organizations, or systems. beneath this commonality, race and class informed feelings of insecurity and associated coping strategies following identity theft. low-income people and people of color tended to direct suspicion at personal networks and report ending relationships and informal assistance. in contrast, middle- and upper-income and white individuals disproportionately blamed organizations and demanded their protection. these findings�along with the trust-based theory that helped make them visible�have important implications for the study of insecurity, inequality, and trust in the information age. 4. title: polyoccupationalism: expertise stretch and status stretch in the postindustrial era authors: l�onie h�naut, jennifer c. lena, fabien accominotti abstract: past research has posited that occupations are distinct and exclusive communities of workers and used single-entry questions in surveys to measure occupational self-identification. our study challenges that view by reporting the existence of polyoccupationalism, or workers� simultaneous identification with multiple occupations. we predict this phenomenon co-occurs with postindustrial forms of work organization and that its expression varies with workers� position in the occupational structure. using a survey on creative workers that uniquely allowed respondents to identify with multiple occupations, we find individuals report higher levels of polyoccupationalism when their work is more contract- and project-based, net of other individual and occupational attributes. we further show that polyoccupationalism takes different forms at the top and the bottom of the occupational hierarchy: whereas the polyoccupationalism of high-status �entrepreneurs� stretches expertise�they identify with occupations that are similar in status but functionally distinct�that of lower-status �hustlers� stretches status�the occupations they report involve similar tasks but stand farther apart on the occupational status scale. we discuss the implications of these findings for understanding workers� occupational identities and the dynamics of occupational hierarchies. 5. title: marching to her own beat: asynchronous teamwork and gender differences in performance on creative projects authors: aruna ranganathan, aayan das abstract: women have traditionally been held back from performing to their full potential in creative project teams, where they typically constitute a minority. however, due to recent technological developments, the structure of teamwork is rapidly evolving. specifically, teamwork is now often performed asynchronously: members of teams work at different times, by themselves, rather than simultaneously and together. how will this shift to asynchronous teamwork affect the performance of men and women on creative project teams? this article argues that women will perform better when teamwork is asynchronous rather than synchronous, because working alone will afford them greater freedom for creative expression. we argue that men will not experience the same boost in performance, and thus the spread of asynchronous teamwork has the potential to reduce gender disparities in performance. we explore this question in the context of folk-music ensembles in eastern india. after collecting ethnographic and interview data from folk musicians to develop our theory, we conducted a field experiment in which individual singers, men and women, recorded a song both synchronously and asynchronously with the same set of instrumentalists. this article contributes to the study of gender inequality, creativity, and the temporal restructuring of work. 6. title: the stigma of diseases: unequal burden, uneven decline authors: rachel kahn best, alina arseniev-koehler abstract: why are some diseases more stigmatized than others? and, has disease stigma declined over time? answers to these questions have been hampered by a lack of comparable, longitudinal data. using word embedding methods, we analyze 4.7 million news articles to create new measures of stigma for 106 health conditions from 1980 to 2018. using mixed-effects regressions, we find that behavioral health conditions and preventable diseases attract the strongest connotations of immorality and negative personality traits, and infectious diseases are most marked by disgust. these results lend new empirical support to theories that norm enforcement and contagion avoidance drive disease stigma. challenging existing theories, we find no evidence for a link between medicalization and stigma, and inconclusive evidence on the relationship between advocacy and stigma. finally, we find that stigma has declined dramatically over time, but only for chronic physical illnesses. in the past four decades, disease stigma has transformed from a sea of negative connotations surrounding most diseases into two primary conduits of meaning: infectious diseases spark disgust, and behavioral health conditions cue negative stereotypes. these results show that cultural meanings are especially durable when they are anchored by interests, and that cultural changes intertwine in ways that only become visible through large-scale research.     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