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volume 37, issue 6, jul. 2010
1. title: introduction to a special issue: new insights on eu--us comparison of corporate r&d.
authors: moncada-patern�-castello, pietro
abstract: policy-makers have become increasingly aware that corporate r&d and innovation are the main drivers of an economy's competitiveness and growth. the widespread adoption of r&d targets has led researchers and analysts to pursue a deeper understanding of corporate r&d investment trends, drivers and impacts. this paper focuses on the main differences between the eu and the us in corporate r&d performance, and has three objectives: to review the literature on this subject, to introduce the papers in this special issue, and to discuss the possible implications for policy.
2. title: structural changes in industrial r&d in europe and the us: towards a new model?
authors: foray, dominique; lhuillery, st�phane
abstract: we analyse the structural changes that have characterised the organisation of industrial r&d over the last 25 years. taking mowery's work (industrial and corporate change, 2009, 18(1), 1-50) on the us as a starting point, we reconsider the different aspects of structural change he examined, discuss their impact and the overall logic underlying them. we then examine europe to discover to what extent these structural changes have occurred in recent years. while a certain structural evolution is perceptible, it is not on the same scale as that analysed for the us. finally, we consider the extent to which the new structures are more or less 'efficient' than previous ones. we conclude with the implications for r&d and innovation policy implications.
3. title: business r&d in the ict sector: examining the european ict r&d deficit.
authors: lindmark, sven; turlea, geomina; ulbrich, martin
abstract: data sets are contrasted: country-level data (r&d performed by business in a particular sector and country (berd) and company-level data (r&d financed by a particular company regardless where r&d investment is performed). about half of the overall eu vs. us r&d gap is in the information and communications technologies (ict) sector. in turn, this ict r&d gap has two faces. country data suggest that the gap is largely intrinsic: the eu displays lower r&d intensities in several sub-sectors, while ict sector size and composition are quite similar. on the other hand, company data suggest that the gap is instead structural: the sector size and composition of sub-sectors differ greatly, while r&d intensities are similar. one major explanatory factor lies in international flows of r&d and value added. companies tend to allocate a larger share of their value added and a smaller share of r&d outside their home markets. in the sub-sectors which include much larger and more numerous us companies, these flows are unbalanced, and (berd) r&d intensities are thus higher in the us than in europe, everything else being equal.
4. title: eu--us differences in the size of r&d intensive firms: do they explain the overall r&d intensity gap?
authors: ortega-argil�s, raquel; brandsma, andries
abstract: the average firm size of the top r&d investors among us-based companies is smaller than that of the eu-based firms. does this help to explain why the us has a greater r&d intensity, or is the greater firm size in the eu, just as its lower r&d intensity, determined by the sectors in which the top r&d investors are operating? using data from the 2006 eu industrial r&d investment scoreboard, the size differential between eu and us r&d performers is more closely examined. despite great differences between sectors, the overall distribution of r&d investments by companies in both economies is remarkably similar, as opposed to the distribution of the r&d/sales ratios.
5. title: r&d in services industries and the eu--us r&d investment gap
authors: duch�ne, vincent; lykogianni, elissavet; verbeek, arnold
abstract: this paper focuses on the impact of differences in practice between european and us national statistical offices when classifying r&d expenditure by industry. we examine the impact of these differences on the role of the services sector in the eu-us r&d investment gap. according to official statistics, services industries appear to explain nearly the entire eu-us r&d intensity gap (us services have much higher r&d intensities). we argue that this is almost entirely the result of a statistical artefact: eu statistical offices redistribute r&d in the services sector to the corresponding manufacturing sectors to a much greater extent than in the us. thus the eu r&d deficit against the us does not specifically emanate from the services sector.
6. title: financing constraints and r&d investments of large corporations in europe and the us.
authors: cincera, michele; ravet, julien
abstract: this paper explores the existence and importance of financing constraints for r&d investments in large eu and us manufacturing companies over the period 2000-2007. the main results obtained by estimating error-correction equations suggest that the sensitivity of r&d investments to cash flow variations are important for european firms while us firms do not appear to be financially constrained. in terms of policy implications, these results suggest improving the conditions for access to external capital to finance r&d activities in the eu.
7. title: mobilizing science: a close look at the social side of science.
authors: matos, stelvia
abstract: the article reviews the book "mobilizing science: movements, participation and remaking of knowledge," by sabrina mccormick.
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