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volume 40, issue 4, autumn (fall) 2021
1. title: can precision policing reduce gun violence? evidence from �gang takedowns� in new york city
authors: aaron chalfin, michael laforest, jacob kaplan.
abstract: during the last decade, while national homicide rates have remained flat, new york city has experienced a second great crime decline, with gun violence declining by more than 50 percent since 2011. in this paper, we investigate one potential explanation for this dramatic and unexpected improvement in public safety�the new york police department's shift to a more surgical form of �precision policing,� in which law enforcement focuses resources on a small number of individuals who are thought to be the primary drivers of violence. we study new york city's campaign of �gang takedowns� in which suspected members of criminal gangs were arrested in highly coordinated raids and prosecuted on conspiracy charges. we show that gun violence in and around public housing communities fell by approximately one third in the first year after a gang takedown. our estimates imply that gang takedowns explain nearly one quarter of the decline in gun violence in new york city's public housing communities over the last eight years.
2. title: discrimination at the intersection of age, race, and gender: evidence from an eye-tracking experiment
authors: joanna n. lahey, douglas r. oxley.
abstract: this paper uses a laboratory experiment with eye-tracking and about 6,000 unique randomized resumes to explore the effects of race on employment discrimination over the life cycle for experienced applicants in their mid 30s to 70s. we find striking evidence of race discrimination against prime-age black job applicants that diminishes into middle age before re-emerging for older applicants. screeners in professional programs mechanically process black and white resumes similarly, but spend less time on resumes for the younger black applicants. we find evidence of levels-based statistical discrimination, suggesting that screeners believe younger black applicants to have worse computer skills and more gaps in their job histories. we also find evidence for variance-based statistical discrimination against black applicants of all ages, suggesting that screeners perceive the job history signal to be stronger for white applicants than for black, disproportionately affecting older black applicants. evidence from a smaller companion study using human resources (hr) managers and from the current population survey (cps) supports the external validity of our experiment, particularly for female job applicants. results are robust to a number of different controls and specification choices.
3. title: same-sex couples and the gains to marriage: the importance of the legal environment
authors: scott m. delhommer, daniel s. hamermesh.
abstract: same-sex couples� marital surplus, their excess total income over that predicted by their work times and expected wages, increases little as the duration of their relationship lengthens. when/where same-sex marriage is legal, it rises sharply as duration increases. the availability of legal domestic partnership or civil union has no effect on the surplus. the likelihood of home ownership conditional on demographic characteristics also increases with partnerships� duration only when/where same-sex marriage is legal. these results, based on data from the american community survey 2013 to 2017, support the notion that greater legal protection enhances partners� incentives to invest in their relationship, producing gains for society in the form of higher tax revenues, larger inheritances, and more stable communities.
4. title: do foster care agencies discriminate against gay couples? evidence from a correspondence study
authors: mattie mackenzie-liu, david j. schwegman, leonard m. lopoo.
abstract: there has been considerable recent debate regarding proposed policies that would allow foster care administrators to discriminate on the basis of the sexual orientation of the foster parent. to date, however, we know very little about the level of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the foster care system. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical investigation to ask whether foster care agencies, the public, and nonprofit firms that facilitate foster care placements respond similarly to e-mails sent by fictitious same-sex and heterosexual couples who inquire about becoming foster parents. our results suggest that, while foster care agencies respond at somewhat similar rates to gay male couples, gay female couples, and heterosexual couples, responses sent to gay males are of lower quality. gay males receive much shorter responses that take longer to receive. responses to gay male couples are also less likely to include essential information about the process of becoming a foster parent, such as details about informational sessions or being given an application. we do not find any evidence of differential treatment towards same-sex female couples.
5. title: my brother's keeper? the impact of targeted educational supports
authors: thomas s. dee, emily k. penner.
abstract: the my brother's keeper (mbk) challenge developed by president obama supports communities that promote civic initiatives designed to improve the educational and economic opportunities specifically for young men of color. in oakland, california, the mbk educational initiative features the african american male achievement (aama) program. the aama focuses on regularly scheduled classes exclusively for black, male students and taught by black, male teachers who focus on social-emotional training, african-american history, culturally relevant pedagogy, and academic supports. in this study, we present quasi-experimental evidence on the dropout effects of the aama by leveraging its staggered scale-up across high schools in the oakland unified school district (ousd). we find that aama availability led to a significant reduction in the number of black males who dropped out as well as smaller reductions among black females, particularly in ninth grade.
6. title: the kids on the bus: the academic consequences of diversity-driven school reassignments
authors: thurston domina, deven carlson, james carter iii, matthew lenard, andrew mceachin, rachel perera.
abstract: many public school diversity efforts rely on reassigning students from one school to another. while opponents of such efforts articulate concerns about the consequences of reassignments for students� educational experiences, little evidence exists regarding these effects, particularly in contemporary policy contexts. using an event study design, we leverage data from an innovative socioeconomic school desegregation plan to estimate the effects of reassignment on reassigned students� achievement, attendance, and exposure to exclusionary discipline. between 2000 and 2010, north carolina's wake county public school system (wcpss) reassigned approximately 25 percent of students with the goal of creating socioeconomically diverse schools. although wcpss's controlled school choice policy provided opportunities for reassigned students to opt out of their newly reassigned schools, our analysis indicates that reassigned students typically attended their newly reassigned schools. we find that reassignment modestly boosts reassigned students� math achievement, reduces reassigned students� rate of suspension, and has no offsetting negative consequences on other outcomes. exploratory analyses suggest that the effects of reassignment do not meaningfully vary by student characteristics or school choice decisions. the results suggest that carefully designed school assignment policies can improve school diversity without imposing academic or disciplinary costs on reassigned students.
7. title: nudges don't work when the benefits are ambiguous: evidence from a high-stakes education program
authors: benjamin l. castleman, francis x. murphy, richard w. patterson, william l. skimmyhorn.
abstract: the post-9/11 gi bill allows service members to transfer generous education benefits to a dependent. we run a large-scale experiment that encourages service members to consider the transfer option among a population that includes individuals for whom the transfer benefits are clear and individuals for whom the net-benefits are significantly more ambiguous. we find no impact of a one-time e-mail about benefits transfer among service members for whom we predict considerable ambiguity in the action, but sizeable impacts among service members for whom education benefits transfer is far less ambiguous. our work contributes to the nascent literature investigating conditions when low-touch nudges at scale may be effective.
8. title: the effects of employment counseling on labor market outcomes for adults and dislocated workers: evidence from a nationally representative experiment
authors: sheena mcconnell, peter z. schochet, dana rotz, ken fortson, paul burkander, annalisa mastri
abstract: this article examines the effects of �intensive services� provided by the adult and dislocated worker programs, two of the largest employment service programs in the united states. intensive services include one-on-one staff assistance�assessments, coaching, career counseling, and service referrals. the study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in 28 randomly selected sites, with the randomization of job seekers to research groups with or without access to intensive services, yielding study findings with both internal and external validity. using survey and administrative earnings data, we find that access to intensive services increased earnings by between 7 and 20 percent over a three-year follow-up period; these benefits exceed program costs from the perspective of both taxpayers and society as a whole. although impacts were larger for more educated job seekers and in areas with higher rates of unemployment, impacts were similar across many other subgroups, including for adults compared with dislocated workers.
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9. title: religious liberty and education: a case study of yeshivas vs. new york
authors: eugene alper, ciprian barnutiu.
abstract: the article reviews the book religious liberty and education: a case study of yeshivas vs. new york by jason bedrick, jay p. greene, and matthew h. lee.
10. title: teacher diversity and student success: why racial representation matters in the classroom
authors: luis a. rodriguez.
abstract: the article reviews the book �teacher diversity and student success: why racial representation matters in the classroom� by gershenson, seth, hansen, michael, and lindsay.
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