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volume 48, issue 4, august 2021
1. title: canadian science meets parliament: building relationships between scientists and policymakers
authors: jiaying zhao, meghan b azad, erin m bertrand, cole burton, valorie a crooks ...trushar r patel.
abstract: the first science meets parliament event in canada was held in november 2018 in ottawa, where twenty-eight tier ii canada research chairs (a specific class of canadian university professor acknowledged by their peers as having the potential to lead in their field) from diverse disciplines met with forty-three members of canadian parliament and senators. the main goal of this event was to facilitate communication between these two key pillars of the society, to promote mutual understanding of the nature of their respective work, roles, and responsibilities, and to build long-term relationships. here, we, representatives of the first cohort of scientists to participate in the program, summarize our experiences and lessons learned from this event, as well as our assessment of the benefits of attending this event for scientists, policy decision-makers, and institutions. furthermore, we provide suggestions for similar future events in canada and elsewhere.
2. title: research on researchers. coping during covid-19. results on a nation-wide survey
authors: evi sachini, lois labrianidis, konstantinos sioumalas-christodoulou, charalampos chrysomallidis, galatios siganos, agathi belouli, nikolaos karampekios.
abstract: this paper presents findings of a nation-wide study examining the impact of covid-19 on researchers. findings indicate that more than half of researchers experienced personal or family mental strain due to covid-19 pandemic effects. covid-19 pandemic is being treated as an opportunity by six out of ten researchers in terms of more time for study and planning future research activities (78 per cent). the majority of researchers (73 per cent) believe that science and technology will emerge enhanced from the pandemic in the public sphere. relating our findings with research outcomes of existed surveys, it appears that covid-19 had a significant impact on researchers� and workers� psychosocial life. researchers� and scientists� standpoint suggest that science and technology will be upgraded in the public dialogue. finally, researchers viewed the pandemic as an opportunity for more time for study and planning of future research activities while working time, with respect to other countries, decreased the most.
3. title: the study of network effects on research impact in africa
authors: leila tahmooresnejad, catherine beaudry, seyed reza mirnezami.
abstract: this paper studies the relationship between the position of individual scientists within co-authorship networks and their scientific performance. using co-authorship data from african scientists in the health and medical sciences within a timespan of 15 years (2000�2015), we characterize the collaboration networks and calculate centrality measures for each scientist to explore how scientific production and impact can be associated with their position within the network. our findings reveal that authors who occupy a better position within their network and are deemed to actively collaborate with others also have a higher research impact. in this regard, south african scientists do not differ from those in the rest of the world.
4. title: the impact of i-corps on accelerating venture discontinuation in a southeastern us university
authors: jan youtie, seokbeom kwon, seokkyun woo.
abstract: this study contributes to the literature on accelerators which focuses on private sector accelerators by providing an analysis of an accelerator in the public sphere that works with early-stage, science-driven applications, the national science foundation�s innovation-corps (i-corps) program. the methodology is based on a comparison of the ability of the services delivered through the i-corps program to teams at the georgia institute of technology (georgia tech) to speed their venture project discontinuation decisions over and above those of researchers receiving baseline commercialization services only. we find modest evidence that the i-corps program helped georgia tech i-corps teams make faster decisions to discontinue venture projects. the total savings of quicker i-corps project discontinuation are estimated at more than $3.6 million over the 8-year observation period.
5. title: local government competition and regional innovation efficiency: from the perspective of china-style fiscal federalism
authors: chen zhao, feng feng, yuee chen, xingteng li.
abstract: through data envelope analysis, this article finds that the innovation efficiency of china�s three regions is shrinking. from the perspective of chinese fiscal federalism, we try to study the influence of two forms of local government competition (vertical competition and horizontal competition) on regional innovation efficiency. we find that both fiscal decentralization and competition among local governments effectively promote regional innovation efficiency, while there is no effective interaction mechanism between them. the attitude of local governments toward scientific and technological (s&t) activities also directly affects the efficiency of regional innovation. from the top of policy design, in order to establish a national innovation system and improve innovation efficiency, appropriate fiscal autonomy should be granted to local governments. suggestions include that local governments should strengthen s&t activities and cooperate with each other, which is an important s&t policy guidance for central government in the future.
6. title: making a research infrastructure: conditions and strategies to transform a service into an infrastructure
authors: benedikt fecher, rebecca kahn, nataliia sokolovska, teresa v�lker, philip nebe.
abstract: in this article, we examine the making of research infrastructures for digital research. in line with many scholars in this field, we understand research infrastructures as deeply relational and adaptive systems that are embedded in research practice. our aim was to identify the relevant context factors, actor constellations, organizational settings, and strategies which contribute to the evolution of a basic service into an actual infrastructure. to this end, we conducted thirty-three case studies of non-commercial and commercial research services along the research life cycle. by examining how these services emerge, we hope to gain a better understanding of the conditions and strategies to transform a service into an infrastructure. we are able to identify competitive disadvantages for publicly financed infrastructure projects with regard to the mode of implementation and the resources invested in development and marketing. we suggest that the results of this study are of practical relevance, especially for individuals, communities, and organizations wanting to create research infrastructures, as well as for funders and policy makers wanting to support innovative and sustainable infrastructures.
7. title: the more the merrier? inventor team size, diversity, and innovation quality
authors: die hu, maoyan she, lingfeng ye, zhiwei wang.
abstract: although teamwork shows stronger innovation ability than individuals and this advantage has been increasing over time, the negative effects of larger teams also appear as the number of inventor members increases. this study discusses the double-edged sword role of inventor teams in innovation quality at two extremes: the high quality and the low quality. we argue that, inventor team size influences innovation quality because diversity works in the evolutionary process of innovation, but different types of diversity play distinct moderating roles in these relationships. using patent data from the us pharmaceutical industry, empirical results show that there is an inverted u-shape relationship between inventor team size and high-quality innovation, and a negative relationship between inventor team size and low-quality innovation. these relationships are moderated at different degree by technological and geographic diversity. our findings contribute to existing literature of innovation and also provide meaningful implications for innovation management.
8. title: switching between worlds apart: negotiating european space sector cultures through innovation
authors: michael clormann.
abstract: with the advent of the so-called new space age, promoted by private actors and driven by market logic innovation, the european space sector meets significant challenges over recent years. this article explores the implications of new space�s emergence for contemporary societies that increasingly rely on space technologies as critical infrastructures. it does so by analyzing conflicting logics of innovation within the sector arising from a clash of old space and new space cultures and associated role identities. to this end, it combines concepts of institutional culture and role identity from science and technology studies and organization studies. tracing the identity work performed by members of the european space sector through qualitative interviews, it concludes that new demands of market logic innovation are negotiated within a mode of switching between different sector cultures. it concludes that this mode provides opportunities for the responsible future governance of critical space infrastructures.
9. title: environmental scanning perspective: the moderating effects of organizational risk and government subsidy in innovation search process
authors: qingwen bo, bo zou, feng guo.
abstract: from environmental scanning perspective, this study examines the mediated relationship among organizational slack (os), open innovation search (is), and high-tech small and medium enterprises (smes) performance. we also propose that this mediated relationship is moderated by organizational risk (or) and government subsidy (gs). we tested our model by using a sample of 244 high-tech smes. our empirical results indicate that open is partially mediates the positive relationship between os and smes� performance, and the mediated relationship is strengthened by or and gs. these findings offer important implications for both smes and government to effectively promote firm performance.
10. title: globally bred chinese talents returning home: an analysis of a reverse brain-drain flagship policy
authors: giulio marini, lili yang.
abstract: china has launched a series of talent-recruitment policies in the last years, in order to attract back chinese nationals who stayed abroad. yet, little is known about the effect of such policies. this paper examines whether researchers recruited in one of the chinese flagship talent-recruitment policies�the �young thousand talents� policy (y1000t)�had, in the following years after recruitment, better research performance. we compare these recipients against other chinese nationals who got phds in equally prestigious non-chinese universities but continued to work abroad (mostly in the usa). results of difference-in-differences regressions show that returning to china has an effect of positioning returnees both at the bottom and at the very summit of the distribution of quality of publications. nevertheless, some y1000t researchers seem to have prioritized the quantity of outputs, arguably to the detriment of quality. this is probably due to certain research evaluation criteria in place until recent times.
11. title: engaging experts in global biotech governance: what influences their judgement on value-laden challenges?
authors: hanzhi yu, jianhua xu, lan xue.
abstract: experts play important roles in global biotech governance. in serving their roles, they are often selected based on their expertise rather than the representativeness of social diversity. however, current biotechnology development generates many value-laden issues. this led us to ask what may affect experts� attitudes towards such issues, besides expertise. in this paper, we explored experts� attitudes towards human genetic data governance�a value-laden global challenge. thirty-two experts from 12 countries were interviewed regarding their attitudes towards the commercialization of, global sharing of, and personal privacy protection in acquiring and using human genetic data. by analysing the interview transcripts with thematic analysis, we found that experts differ in their attitudes, and organizational affiliation and national regulatory context influence their attitudes. the results call for rethinking the role of epistemic community and facilitating inclusive participation of experts from various socioeconomic backgrounds in addressing global challenges.
12. title: evaluating blockchain technology and related policies in china and the usa
authors: nan jiang, xing liu, ming xu.
abstract: blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global technological phenomenon. this study uses the patent analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology in china and the usa. an overview of blockchain policies in china and the usa is presented. our analyses suggest that policies related to the blockchain stimulate the number of blockchain patent applications and create regional innovation in china. the innovation capability of chinese enterprises has been more affected by these policies than that of the usa, which is reflected in the fact that chinese enterprises have become key players in china and actively carry out patent layout in the usa. although the developmental trend of blockchain technology in china and the usa is almost identical, the usa attaches more importance to safety technology, whereas china pays more attention to the application technology based on the differences in policies.
13. title: knowledge transfers from federally funded research and development centers
authors: albert n link.
abstract: the findings from a study of the relationship between postdoctoral students and r&d at federally funded research and development centers (ffrdcs) are presented in this paper. the goal of the study is not only to understand better knowledge transfers from publicly supported r&d but also to estimate the returns to r&d conducted in federally funded laboratories. using public domain data related to ffrdcs, published by the us national science foundation, the r&d elasticity of doctoral students is estimated over the years 2010�2019 to be about 0.85. this estimate compares well to previous studies of the returns to publicly funded r&d.
14. title: how heads of departments find it meaningful to engage with gender balance policies
authors: vivian anette lagesen.
abstract: this article investigates how heads of department (hods) understand and implement gender balance policies in norway, considered to be among the most gender-equal countries in the world. previous studies have found that hods often resist enacting gender equality policies. this interview-based study provides a more optimistic and nuanced picture. employing domestication theory and narrative analysis, this study shows that hods understand gender balance as an important goal and responsibility in principle. however, to actively engage with implementation, hods needed to see how improving gender balance would benefit their departments and help reach other goals. this sense-making was pivotal for motivation to enact measures and change their practices. the article brings new knowledge on how hods may work to improve the gender balance among faculty and generates deeper insight into the critical co-production of sense-making and enactment of practices related to improving gender balance.
15. title: the post-normal challenges of covid-19: constructing effective and legitimate responses
authors: stephen rainey, maru mormina, sapfo lignou, joseph nguyen, paula larsson.
abstract: the ongoing covid-19 emergency clearly presents novel challenges, both in terms of difficulties for maintaining public health and in assuring that governmental responses are ethically sound. centrally, responses must respect, as best as possible, fundamental human rights and human values. conflicts among values arise in response to the crisis, and public officials have no choice but to prioritize some while sacrificing others. utilizing the concepts of effectiveness and legitimacy within the framework of post-normal science (pns), we investigate and recommend processes and measures to address covid-19 that support increased public health, while upholding established rights and values. the effectiveness and legitimacy of science-led policymaking requires investigation of how that policy ought to be made (e.g. concepts of policymaking and pns), as well as how it ought to interact with diversely-constituted publics (e.g. public inclusion in policymaking and policy communication).
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