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volume 61, issue 8, june 2024
1. title: the urbanisation of controlled environment agriculture: why does it matter for urban studies?
authors: simon marvin, lauren rickards, jonathan rutherford
abstract: this paper critically examines why urban studies should be interested in the emergence of controlled environment agriculture. over the last decade, there has been significant commercial and urban policy interest in controlled environment agriculture systems for producing food in enclosed environments. furthermore, there has been a significant expansion in research publications on urban controlled environment agriculture, stressing the novel character of these systems and the complex relationships with the conventional concerns of urban agriculture. the paper subjects these claims to critical scrutiny and then reconceptualises urban controlled environment agriculture as an emergent urban infrastructure of artificial, highly productive microclimates and ecosystems for non-human life designed to increase the productive use of �surplus or under-utilised� urban spaces. we argue that controlled environment agriculture tries to secure food production through three spatial�temporal fixes: (1) the enclosure move � holding food closer by substituting the increasingly hostile outdoors for the controlled indoors in order to optimise yield, quality, efficiency and the �cleanness� of the food; (2) the urban move � holding food closer to the city by substituting rural agricultural space for urban space to shorten supply chains and thereby help secure food production and improve its green credentials; and (3) combining 1 and 2, the urban interiorisation move � holding food yet closer still by moving food production into city buildings and intricate infrastructural systems, increasing control by securing total environments. in these ways, the paper shows how urban controlled environment agriculture selectively extends existing logics of urban and rural agriculture and identifies the future research challenges for urban studies.
2. title: rezoning a top-notch cbd: the choreography of land-use regulation and creative destruction in manhattan�s east midtown
authors: igal charney
abstract: this paper makes the case for the connection between making land-use regulatory changes and the process of destruction and redevelopment. under the capitalist imperative, buildings that do not fulfil the full potential for profit are likely to be demolished (or refurbished) but demolition and new development are not shaped exclusively by the immutable laws of the market as they are mediated and facilitated by specific institutional contexts. using the case of east midtown rezoning in new york city, the paper examines the amendments of two land-use regulatory mechanisms: the enlargement of development rights (rezoning or upzoning) and the relaxation of the spatial limitations on the usage of existing unused rights (transferable development rights). while apparently unconnected, upzoning and transferable development rights are part of the regulatory framework that seeks to secure the ongoing generation of the highest-possible profits for private as well as public interests. by examining the choreography of rezoning and transferable development rights, the paper shows how the mechanics of creative destruction work while substantiating an existing body of knowledge on land use policies and practices in new york city. when used together, rezoning and transferable development rights are instrumental in remaking the built environment. essentially, the rezoning of a 78-block area in east midtown manhattan unlocks captured and latent development rights that otherwise could not come about, and demonstrates the necessity of institutional arrangements to make creative destruction actually work.
3. title: mapping policy pathways: urban referencing networks in public art policies
authors: noga keidar, daniel silver
abstract: this article examines the dynamics of inter-referencing between cities and develops the concept of the �urban referencing network� as a representation of the references made by cities to one another in policy documents. the study employs public art policies, specifically the percent for art policy, to investigate the structure of inter-referencing within the urban referencing network. using a corpus of policy documents from 26 anglophone cities with over one million residents, we analyse 150 documents containing 2178 inter-references. combining network measurements and regressions, we explore the emergence of central nodes and the mechanisms influencing their formation. the broader field of arts and cultural policies, with its extensive inter-urban connections and professional networks, provides fertile ground for studying urban referencing networks. by integrating literature on policy mobility and urban networks, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the circulation of urban ideas and the interplay between cities in policy-making processes. the results demonstrate that only a few cities, including new york, chicago, london, seattle, los angeles, and montreal, emerge as central nodes, attracting the other cities� attention. attributes of the referenced cities, like economic importance, iconicity and early adoption, determine to a great extent who are the most central nodes.
4. title: fences, seeds and bees: the more-than-human politics of community gardening in rotterdam
authors: shivant jhagroe
abstract: this paper explores the more-than-human politics of a community garden in rotterdam, as an expression of sustainable and resilient city making. challenging the anthropocentrism underlying most research on the politics of urban sustainability/resilience and urban gardening, the paper proposes a more-than-human assemblage approach to urban gardening politics. i argue that urban gardens can be understood as more-than-human configurations and conceptualised as urban garden assemblages. such assemblages are processes with different temporalities and types of agencies (insects, plants, soil and fences) and can be analytically understood as more-than-human: (1) relations and performances; (2) power hierarchies/resistances; and (3) ethical co-becomings. building on participatory ethnography, interviews and (online) documents, the paper then presents an empirical account of the gandhi-garden, a community garden in rotterdam, embedded in the global transition towns movement. the empirical case shows how mundane acts of pulling weeds and using permacultural planting methods are more-than-human place-making practices. it also highlights how, for example, human�soil, human�seed and human�bee entanglements challenge urban neoliberalism while gardeners experiment with sustainable food and a non-violent economy. the paper illustrates the ethico-political expressions of more-than-human community gardening through solidarity bonds with palestine via olive trees and non-violence thinking, as well as some human/non-human ambivalences when dealing with dog waste and potentially harvest-stealing birds. finally, the paper presents some reflections and contributions regarding scholarship in the fields of urban gardening, and sustainable/resilient city making.
5. title: differentiated grassroots: navigating sustainability transitions in conservative political contexts
authors: ali adil
abstract: uneven subnational energy policy and regulatory geographies in the united states are a widely recognised reality, resulting from the absence of a concerted federal effort towards climate change and sustainable energy development. against this backdrop, the rise of citizen-led energy transitions or grassroots energy communities (gecs) in liberal and conservative states signals an opportunity for fostering a common ground for climate action, only to be undermined by questions concerning their touted countervailing potential against the mainstream energy system. with particular reference to conservative political contexts, this article presents a comparative case study of grassroots energy communities arising amidst uneven socio-spatial circumstances. by interrogating lived experiences and situated socio-material practices, the article offers interesting theoretical, practical and policy insights. by explicating the materiality of technical devices, purposively rendered meaningful in context and politicised towards particular political and economic ends, the study shows how socio-material processes not only help forge strategic alliances between potentially antagonistic stakeholders but also lead to the obfuscation of power differentials. from a policy perspective, this study shows how conservative ideology � despite hyper-nationalist invocations � subjects local citizen-led efforts to the vicissitudes of global capital by selectively justifying state support to facilitate its circulation.
6. title: density and pandemic urbanism: exposure and networked density in manila and taipei
authors: hung-ying chen, colin mcfarlane, priyam tripathy
abstract: density has been a key focus in research on the urban dimensions of the covid-19 pandemic. much of this work has debated the role of density in infection rates. in contrast, we develop a comparison of the management of pandemic urbanism in two high density asian cities with divergent pandemic experiences: manila and taipei. to pursue the comparison, we develop two conceptualisations of density: exposure density and networked density. our approach allows us to examine the nature and consequences, especially for the urban poor, of different approaches to density in the pandemic, and to advance research on urban density.
7. title: analysing a private city being built from scratch through a social and environmental justice framework: a research agenda
authors: sarah moser, nufar avni
abstract: a growing body of scholarship examines new cities being built from scratch that are developed and governed by the private sector. while this scholarship explores discourse and rhetoric, economic objectives, and some social and environmental impacts of new private cities, scholars to date have not taken a social or environmental justice approach to analysing new city projects. in this article we examine forest city, a private city project being built on artificial islands off the coast of malaysia by one of china�s largest property development companies, and its unique governance and claims to being �eco�, despite the significant environmental damage it has caused. intended as a lush and exclusive gated enclave for chinese nationals, forest city is a productive case study through which to consider the consequences of a private city using the frameworks of social and environmental justice. we suggest more critical research that engages with social and environmental justice is needed on the many emerging projects branded as eco-cities of the future, a troubling claim that signals a growing normalisation of mega-scale privatisation and loose or absent regulations regarding social inclusivity and environmental protection.
8. title: race and perceptions of revitalisation in the �district of gentrification�
authors: michael leo owens, arica schuett, nyron n. crawford, andrea benjamin
abstract: ethnographies of gentrification, by using interviews, suggest individual and group sentiments about it as a form of revitalisation are heterogenous, even within neighbourhoods experiencing it. discerning variation and changes over time in citywide sentiments about gentrification, however, is a challenge. it requires city-level survey data, especially longitudinal data, which is scarce. we use novel data from washington post surveys of district of columbia (i.e. washington, dc) residents between 2000 and 2016 to test predictions of city-level gentrification opinions, deduced from neighbourhood-based ethnographies of gentrification. we observe and emphasise how, over time, race is consistently associated with opinion divergence about gentrification, including perceptions of its inequalities and consequences. our findings demonstrate the value of citywide surveys for extending empirical findings from neighbourhood-level ethnographies of gentrification.
9. title: social ties in and out of the neighbourhood: between compensation and cumulation
authors: joanie cayouette-rembli�re, eric charmes
abstract: the central question addressed in this article is how social ties within and outside the neighbourhood are articulated in different contexts for various population groups. two major perspectives emerge from the literature on personal networks, neighbourhood effects, and neighbourhood-based social capital. the first assumes a compensation mechanism, whereby local and extra-local ties flourish at each other�s expense. the second considers that these two types of ties can be cumulated. after presenting the interpretations and empirical data that support these two perspectives and highlighting the persistent ambiguity on the issue, they are tested with the support of an original survey of 2572 people in 14 neighbourhoods in the paris and lyon metropolitan regions. a range of indicators for social ties is used to build two indices, one for local ties and one for extra-local ties. the article then examines variations between these indices as a function of individual characteristics and contexts to test whether compensation or cumulation exists between the local and extra-local ties. the main findings are, first, that local and extra-local ties each evolve along one dimension. in particular, working-class social ties do not appear to have a specific pattern. second, compensation exists, but cumulation of local and extra-local ties is predominant. lastly, this cumulation is a factor of inequalities. it benefits those with the most resources in terms of income, qualifications and occupation, as well as the residents of upper-class or gentrified neighbourhoods. geographical origins also play a role for the descendants of immigrants, who establish fewer extra-local ties.
10. title: belling the cat: designing collective action institutions for natural resource management in the peri-urban interface
authors: vishal narain, pranay ranjan
abstract: peri-urban spaces are experiencing tremendous growth in the global south, which in turn has fuelled a suite of environmental and natural resource management challenges, including inequitable access to and conflicts over natural resources, and the existence of institutional lacunae. against this backdrop, we examine how scholars study collective action institutions around natural resource management in peri-urban spaces, with a regional focus on south asia, and present its implications for institutional design and development in peri-urban contexts. in order to do so, we use �organic institutions� and �pragmatic institutions�� a type of institutional classification grounded in the origin of institutions, as a conceptual entry point. we find that less is known about the role of organic institutions in enabling collective action around natural resource management in peri-urban spaces, even though their understanding is key for efforts at building effective pragmatic institutions. the paper concludes that practitioners working in peri-urban spaces should invest resources into understanding underlying social differences and developing strategies to mobilise social groups, by developing an understanding of organic institutions in peri-urban spaces.
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11. title: atlas of informal settlement: understanding self-organized urban design
authors: faiza moatasim
abstract: the article reviews the book �atlas of informal settlement: understanding self-organized urban design� by kim dovey and matthijs van oostrum.
12. title: the sanctuary city: immigrant, refugee, and receiving communities in postindustrial philadelphia
authors: arthur acolin
abstract: the article reviews the book �the sanctuary city: immigrant, refugee, and receiving communities in postindustrial philadelphia� by domenic vitiello.
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