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volume 49, issue 4, august 2022
1. title: economic incentive instruments and environmental innovation in china: moderating effect of marketization
authors: siying long, zhongju liao
abstract: as an influential economic entity, china�s economic growth pattern is changing. the traditional way brought high-speed growth as well as caused environmental damage. the concept of environmental innovation, which combines the advantage of technology innovation and environmental consideration, has become a vital means to achieve sustainable development. due to the double externality characteristic of environmental innovation, the government plays an important role in its development. based on provincial panel data from 2008 to 2017, this paper first examines the distinct influences of various economic incentive instruments on environmental innovation. then, the moderation role of marketization is explored. the results show that governments� direct financial expenditure on environmental protection has a positive impact on environmental innovation, while the effect of the environmental tax is not significant. in addition, the impact is negatively moderated by marketization.
2. title: situated gender equality in regional research and innovation: collaborative knowledge production
authors: marja vehvil�inen, liekki valaskivi
abstract: research and innovation (ri) policies in europe aim to promote gender equality in the field of ri. however, gender equality at the regional level of ri has received little attention and has remained under-researched. this article draws on a process of collaborative knowledge production between regional developers and researchers in finland, aiming to further gender equality in regional ri (2019�20). it examines negotiations about gender equality that occurred in the course of the process through the notion of situated gender equality. the developers initially stated that gender equality was needed as �a solution� in regional development but did not know how to implement it. the process of collaborative knowledge production, a dialogue between the practices of regional development and the research-based conceptions of gender and participative methods, shows that gender equality in regional ri needs to be closely integrated into the practices of regional developers� main development work.
3. title: the spatial distribution of public support for ai research
authors: farhat chowdhury, albert n link, martijn van hasselt
abstract: a spatial distributional analysis of the population of phase ii research projects funded by the us sbir program in fy 2020 shows differences across states in projects focused on artificial intelligence (ai). ai is a relatively new research field, and this paper contributes to a better understanding of government support for such research. we find that ai projects are concentrated in states with complementary ai research resources available from universities nationally ranked in terms of their own ai research. to achieve a more diverse spatial distribution of ai-related technology development, the availability of complementary ai research resources must be expanded. we suggest that the national science foundation�s national ai research institutes represents an important step in this direction.
4. title: partial lottery can make grant allocation more fair, more efficient, and more diverse
authors: serge p j m horbach, joeri k tijdink, lex m bouter
abstract: we call on research funding organisations to experiment with different models for integrating partial randomisation into their grant allocation processes as well as to assess the feasibility, the potential implications, and the perceptions of such models. traditional models of grant allocation have usually been based on peer review to rank applications and allocate grants. these models have been shown to suffer from various shortcomings. in particular, we believe that partial randomisation holds the potential of being more fair, more efficient, and more diverse. in addition, it may lead to more responsible research practices. we outline a proposal for such a grant allocation process and sketch various arguments in favour of it. we also address potential counterarguments and conclude that partial randomisation in grant allocation holds the potential to lead to many benefits and therefore warrants further experimentation and implementation.
5. title: unboxing knowledge in collaboration between academia and society: a story about conceptions and epistemic uncertainty
authors: anna jonsson, maria grafstr�m, mikael klintman
abstract: policymakers increasingly emphasize knowledge collaboration between academia and society as important means to generate innovations and solve complex issues. however, while recent literature on such collaboration suggests that knowledge needs to be integrated and generated across disciplines and sectors, there are surprisingly few studies that define what is meant by �knowledge� or focus on the process of generating knowledge. subsequently, the aim of this paper is to unbox �knowledge� in knowledge collaboration by focusing specifically on how knowledge is understood by heterogenous actors during the process of generating knowledge. we build on insights from an in-depth case study and contribute to the literature on knowledge collaboration by bringing in theory on boundary work that specifically addresses the knowledge generation process. we argue that to better meet the expectations of collaboration, there is a need for more discussions and focus on the participating stakeholders� heterogenous epistemological as well as ontological understanding.
6. title: online platforms for research data: a requirements and cost analysis
authors: rebecca reichenbach, christoph eberl, j�rg lindenmeier
abstract: online platforms serving the research community offer the potential to accelerate research efforts to solve societal challenges. based on semantic web technologies, domain-specific research platforms can pave the way for a �digital transformation� in science. researchers will be able to share and analyse research data. a prerequisite for the success of such platforms is the identification and consideration of stakeholders� requirements. however, meeting all requirements is cost-intensive. existing funding models cannot be easily transferred to such new online platforms. with this paper, we contribute to the discussion in science and politics on how the provision of research data can be organized via online platforms in the future. as a basis, this study empirically investigated funder and user requirements of an online platform for materials research data and conducted a cost analysis to assess possible funding models that might ensure the long-term operation of these platforms.
7. title: how universities influence societal impact practices: academics� sense-making of organizational impact strategies
authors: stefan p l de jong, corina balaban
abstract: societal impact of academic research has become a central concern of contemporary science policies. as key players in the higher education sector, universities play a crucial role in translating policy into organizational strategies, which then have the potential to shape academics� practices. this article investigates the influence that universities may have on academics� impact practices. we employ an analytical framework that combines a novel method for studying university impact strategies, sense-making theory, and insights from literature on impact. our data consist of interviews with sixteen philosophers and anthropologists working across four universities in the netherlands and the uk. we find that, in response to organizational goals and human resource management policies, academics report changing their impact practices. we call for universities to use their influence responsibly in order to enable a broad range of impact practices.
8. title: the other side of the boundary: productive interactions seen from the policy side
authors: silje maria tellmann, magnus gulbrandsen
abstract: the literatures on productive interactions and related frameworks depict impact processes as collaborative efforts to permeate various boundaries between research and societal stakeholders. however, the impact literature is biased towards looking at these processes from the researcher side. this paper analyses policymakers� interactions with researchers and the different forms of boundary work that ensue, which contributes to improved understanding of the stakeholder side of interactions. our point of the departure is the interactions related to research and development (r&d) units and their networks in the central administration in norway. using in-depth interviews with twenty-two civil servants in the field of welfare policy, we show how the combination of competitive and collaborative modes of boundary work makes interactions productive. because research is a strategic asset in the policy domain, control over knowledge production and autonomy to decide when to follow the evidence (or not) is a central feature of knowledge work in policy organisations.
9. title: factors enabling social impact: the importance of institutional entrepreneurship in social science research
authors: emanuela reale
abstract: this paper wants to shed light on organizational factors as conditions for the impact of academic research in social sciences. organizations play a role as enablers of social impact, providing conditions that improve the probability of impacting on society. we try to ascertain whether this role is supported and stimulated through institutional entrepreneurship, changing the institutions� organizational features, ideas, and beliefs to increase productive interactions and knowledge translation. our work centres on exploring the actors� social position and their ability to introduce changes that are likely to permanently engage the organizations in the pursuit of social impact and possibly support it in the long run. the empirical basis consists of three case studies about research projects in the social sciences, which brought together academic researchers from different universities and stakeholders. the analysis demonstrates that understanding impact requires adopting a broader perspective, considering also the transformations emerging at the organizational level.
10. title: from �productive interactions� to �enabling conditions�: the role of organizations in generating societal impact of academic research
authors: stefan p l de jong, corina balaban, maria nedeva
abstract: societal impact of academic research has been high on both policy and scientific agendas for several decades. scholars increasingly focus on processes when analyzing societal impact, often inspired by the concept of �productive interactions�. building on this concept, we assert that processes do not take place in isolation. rather, we suggest that productive interactions emerge in environments that offer conditions for these interactions to occur. this special section brings together three papers that focus on �enabling conditions� that organizations provide to enable societal impact.
11. title: is renewable energy more favorable to diversity than conventional energy sources on r&d performance?
authors: dohyoung kim, junseok hwang
abstract: diversity is often key to solving challenging problems. it sparks creativity through embracing various perspectives. energy transition and climate change are challenges that require significant creativity and innovative ideas. this study is designed to analyze if diversity in the workforce has a meaningful relation to research and development (r&d) performance of public renewable energy in south korea, and possibly, to compare the diversity of the workforce and its relation to performance between power generation industries. using 538 public r&d projects, this study analyzed intellectual and economic performance along with workforce diversity based on gender, age, educational background, and educational level. among several findings in this study, this study found a positive relationship between gender diversity and intellectual performance but a negative relationship between age diversity and intellectual performance. in addition, a clear distinction was found between renewable energy and nuclear and thermal power in terms of the research workforce itself and its relation to performance.
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