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volume 99, issue 3, september 2021
1. title: street-level bureaucrats and policy entrepreneurship: when implementers challenge policy design
authors: nissim cohen, neomi f. aviram
abstract: linking street-level bureaucracy with policy entrepreneurship is a new, ongoing trend in the literature. we claim that in various cases one must consider street-level policy entrepreneurship in order to fully understand policy processes. therefore, we call on public policy and administration scholars to devote more resources to this important link. the symposium will promote our understanding of this still underresearched area. we will explore both theoretically and empirically how bureaucrats who interact with the public on a daily basis not only implement policy but also influence how it is designed. we will also assess the contribution of the symposium papers in light of the existing scholarly debate. we will conclude by reflecting on the challenges of studying street-level policy entrepreneurship and suggest future avenues for research in this field.
2. title: distinguishing the street-level policy entrepreneur
authors: gwen arnold
abstract: policy entrepreneurs�individuals who champion a policy and engage in intense advocacy to secure it�are most frequently characterized as political elites or individuals well connected to such elites. however, an emerging literature suggests that street-level bureaucrats who deliver government services to the public can also prosecute policy entrepreneurship. there has been little investigation of how these actors differ from elite-level policy entrepreneurs who focus on agenda-setting and initial policy approval. evidence from six case vignettes from us state wetland policy suggest that street-level policy entrepreneurs are distinguished by defensive motivation, greater constancy of effort, recruitment of a less politically powerful network of supporters, and challenges associated with cultivating ties to external resource providers and intra-governmental allies. street-level policy entrepreneurship helps explain policy innovation within bureaucracies and by bureaucrats, offering new insight into the motivation and behaviours of ground-level officials whose day-to-day choices shape policy.
3. title: social workers as street-level policy entrepreneurs
authors: inbal aviv, john gal, idit weiss-gal
abstract: knowledge on street-level bureaucrats as policy entrepreneurs is in its infancy. this article contributes to this emerging field by examining three cases of successful efforts by social workers employed by local social services in israel to introduce local policy change. these processes varied in the issues that they addressed and the length of time that the policy process took. in each case, a small number of low- and meso-street level community social workers were identified as policy entrepreneurs. despite their limited resources, formal authority and political capital, the social workers invested efforts over long periods of time into furthering policies they believed would help the communities they worked with. the strategies adopted included seeking legitimacy; creating and disseminating knowledge; participating in policy arenas; and generally eschewing subversive tactics. the interplay between professional affiliation and institutional context informed their motivation to address specific social problems and the strategies they adopted.
4. title: street-level bureaucrats as policy entrepreneurs: action strategies for flexible community governance in china
authors: liwei zhang, ji zhao, weiwei dong
abstract: street-level bureaucrats (slbs) can act as policy entrepreneurs to cope with the dilemmas in policy implementation. however, there is insufficient knowledge about whether the strategies adopted by them that slbs in the role of policy entrepreneurs are institution sensitive. in addition, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the elements that impel and support such entrepreneurial actions. based on china's community governance, this article attempts to clarify the strategies employed by slbs to that result in their becoming policy entrepreneurs. it was observed that the chinese slbs primarily employed three strategies to act as policy entrepreneurs, which shows that different institutional contexts may shape the various strategies. this article indicates that the opportunity structure of the institution, in this case, the chinese bureaucracy, enables slbs to act entrepreneurially and the success of these strategies is also dependent on the slbs' accountability and communication skills.
5. title: working through the fog of a pandemic: street-level policy entrepreneurship in times of crises
authors: anat gofen, gabriela lotta, marcelo marchesini da costa
abstract: imposing significant challenges for both street-level implementation and policy (re)design, crises alter the environment for street-level policy entrepreneurship (slpe), wherein street-level bureaucrats engage in policy formulation processes to secure future policy outcomes. nevertheless, like street-level implementation in general, slpe is studied during ordinary times but rarely during crises. focusing on community-health workers in brazil during the covid-19 crisis uncovered a defensive motivation for slpe, which aimed to legitimize community healthcare as an integral part of pandemic treatment, reforming the government's hitherto neglectful approach to community health services. moreover, the continuing crisis created an unusually prolonged window of opportunity for securing community healthcare provision. by utilizing collective efforts and drawing on powerful politicians' mobilization, slpe during crisis shares similarities with, yet differs from, slpe during ordinary times, while further closing the interstices between local, professional, and political perspectives in the formulation of policy decisions.
6. title: when does transparency improve public services? street-level discretion, information, and targeting
authors: monika bauhr, ruth carlitz
abstract: transparency has been widely promoted as a tool for improving public service delivery; however, empirical evidence is inconclusive. we suggest that the influence of transparency on service provision is contingent on the nature of the service. specifically, we argue that transparency is more likely to improve the quality of service provision when street-level discretion is high. discretion increases information asymmetries, and, in the absence of transparency, allows officials to target public services in suboptimal ways. using finely grained data from the vietnam provincial governance and public administration performance index between 2011 and 2018, we show that communes that experience increases in transparency also experience improved quality of education and health (services characterized by greater discretion), while the quality of infrastructure provision (characterized by less discretion) bears no relation to increased transparency. the findings help us understand when transparency can improve service provision, as well the effects of transparency reforms in non-democratic settings.
7. title: devolution is secondary: what drives scottish secondary legislation?
authors: shaun bevan
abstract: the reopening of the scottish parliament in 1999 marked a great opportunity to create a modern government connected to the people. in spite of this, work on responsiveness and the functioning of policy-making in scotland since devolution has not been as extensive as it could be. this is certainly true of one of the most common and numerous policy-making activities undertaken by scotland and indeed all uk governments, the production of secondary legislation. this article uses time series cross-sectional analyses to assess the effects of attention by the uk government, the eu, public priorities and the media on scottish statutory instruments. it finds strong effects for the uk media on scottish instruments although that effect is lower for policy areas technically, but not practically, outside the competencies of scottish government. this work hints at a government responsive to events, but also a government that largely sets its own independent priorities.
8. title: corruption consolidation in local governments: a grounded analytical framework
authors: oliver meza, elizabeth p�rez-chiqu�s
abstract: this article constructs a grounded framework to study how corruption is consolidated in local governments. we focus on the fine-grained texture of corrupt practices that can only be achieved by looking at rich contextual studies. we argue that neglecting the way corruption becomes the �rule of the game� has led to the creation of anti-corruption policies that tend to be overly reliant on formal institutions, addressing only dyadic and venal types of corruption, and have therefore proven ineffective. based on a two-staged, mixed methods research design�including 50 in-depth interviews in two mexican cities and three surveys applied to citizens and public officials�this article's framework focuses on how networks are shaped and organized to perform corrupt practices, and how opacity and weak checks and balances grant them impunity. results show corrupt schemes to be outstandingly malleable and resilient, able to circumvent formal anti-corruption strategies.
9. title: dancing on a tightrope: the reputation management of local governments in response to public protests in china
authors: yuming wei, yue guo, jun su
abstract: the purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of local government's reputation management in response to public protests under the dual pressure from higher-level authorities and the public. this study connects reputation management theory to the literature on local governments in the dual pressure dilemma. by comparing three cases of how local governments respond to public protests against nuclear facilities in china, we conclude that different pressures perceived by local governments generate diverse behaviours of reputation management in response to public protests. if the perceived bottom-up pressure is higher, local governments will focus on their moral reputation and make concessions to the public; if the perceived top-down pressure is higher, local governments will build a performative reputation to meet the demands of higher-level authorities and suppress public protests; if local governments face dual high pressures, they will comply with all normative procedures and avoid accountability to any party.
10. title: bureaucratic responsiveness in times of political crisis: the case of presidential impeachment
authors: don s. lee, soonae park
abstract: the question of who controls the bureaucracy has been widely debated in the political science and public administration literatures. however, to whom bureaucrats are responsive and to what extent are relatively unknown, particularly outside the us. to understand how organizational behaviour changes according to external political environments, we leverage a unique setting, that of the 2016 presidential impeachment in south korea. we analyse original experimental data from more than 1,000 civil servants, gathered as part of a nationally representative survey, in order to estimate the degree to which civil servants chose to incorporate the president's preferences into their policy decisions before and after her impeachment. we find that presidential impeachment has a differential impact on the responsiveness of civil servants across the formal ranks of the personnel, controlling for their political views and several other individual characteristics. while bureaucrats were similarly responsive to the president before impeachment regardless of their grades, senior civil servants were significantly more responsive to the president after impeachment than were lower-ranking bureaucrats. our study contributes to the literature on organizational theory and public management the evidence that civil servants' attitudes are shaped by the structure of bureaucratic organizations and change with external settings involving elected principals.
11. title: how to implement policy: coping with ambiguity and uncertainty
authors: luke fowler
abstract: the author examines policy implementation as an exercise in coping with ambiguity (i.e., different ways of thinking about the same issues) on the one hand and uncertainty (i.e., lack of information) on the other. functions are how implementers figure out the best way to make a policy work in practice and processes are how organizations formalize mechanisms that make behaviours more predictable. using programme evaluation data from the us environmental protection agency (epa) and a mixed methods approach, findings identify specific implementation activities associated with both functions and processes and, while intertwined, these represent two distinct aspects of operationalizing policies. conclusions suggest guidance on how to cope with ambiguity and uncertainty in practice, and connect functional and policy capacities to key avenues of public policy and administration scholarship.
12. title: a micro-process model of institutional complexity in public hybrid organizations: construal of identity threats and mitigation strategies
authors: farshid shams
abstract: this article analyses how non-managerial professionals in public service organizations experience the tension between managerial and professional institutional logics and manage to minimize it through identity work. by studying how academics in ten canadian public universities talk about their routine work activities, it is found that they interpret the institutional contradictions between these logics as threats to their identities and mitigate them by undertaking discursive strategies to author legitimate selves. three mitigation strategies of delegitimization, selective identification and appropriation of realized publicness are identified. these findings are synthesized in a process model of construal and response that illustrates a set of micro-practices of professionals by which the institutional hybridity is maintained. by moving beyond professionals' resistance and hybridization (integrating the two logics) and identifying a recursive relational positioning mechanism as a way of coping with institutional complexity, this study complements previous findings in the growing literature on organizing professionalism.
13. title: a replication of �representative bureaucracy and the willingness to coproduce�
authors: martin sievert
abstract: research on symbolic representation suggests that citizen�state interactions might benefit from public organizations' representativeness. recent experiments on symbolic gender representation provide contradictory findings regarding the influence on citizens' co-production intentions. this study conducts a wide replication based on new data to reexamine the positive impact of symbolic gender representation identified by riccucci et al. (2016, public administration review, 76(1), pp. 121�130). the applied survey experiment closely resembles the original design aspects. the experiment is set in criminal justice policy, a policy field featuring co-production of core public services such as prisoner rehabilitation. the results do not confirm a positive effect of symbolic gender representation on willingness to co-produce. instead, several arguments point to citizens' perceptions of uncertainty related to the co-production context and procedures as a boundary condition for the effects of symbolic gender representation.
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14. title: governing the pandemic: the politics of navigating a mega-crisis boin, arjen, mcconnell, allan & 't hart, paul palgrave macmillan, ebook, 2021
authors: m. blair thomas
abstract: the article reviews the book governing the pandemic: the politics of navigating a mega-crisis� by arjen boin, allan mcconnell and paul 't hart.
15. title: city on the line: how baltimore transformed its budget to beat the great recession and deliver outcomes, andrew kleine, rowman & littlefield, 2019, 279 pp., isbn: 9781538121887.
authors: frankline muthomi
abstract: the article reviews the book �city on the line: how baltimore transformed its budget to beat the great recession and deliver outcomes� by andrew kleine.
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