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volume 59, issue 12, september 2022
1. title: transcending path dependencies: why the study of post-socialist cities needs to capitalise on the discussion on urbanisation in the south (and vice versa)
authors: jakub galuszka
abstract: recently, the theoretical relevance and utility of the regionalised notion of post-socialist cities have been questioned. the ensuing debate has resulted in several positions, including suggestions to drop the term entirely or to create a distinctive narrative based on the concept of a global east, in order to position the knowledge as equal vis-a-vis discourses originating from western power centres. this article responds to this call through efforts to transcend the dominant frames of research on post-socialist cities. however, i argue that the first step in overcoming the subaltern positioning of local knowledge is to refocus attention on previously marginalised urban phenomena, and to link the post-socialist research agenda to existing empowering discourses. the importance of creating linkages with the research originating from the south, and the potential for such joint engagements to contribute to global theory-making are discussed in the context of the study of urban informality.
2. title: urban statecraft: the governance of transport infrastructures in african cities
authors: liza rose cirolia, jesse harber
abstract: through the lens of infrastructure governance, this article explores the configurations and operations of the urban state in sub-saharan africa. we deploy and extend the concept of �statecraft�, drawing on the recent scholarship within urban studies which explores city and municipal statecraft. consolidating insights across several studies on transport governance in african cities, we identify three �sites� of urban statecraft evident in urban africa. first, we look at sectoral authorities, which we analyse through the common experience of ringfenced national road agencies. carving off urban functions can fragment power over urban infrastructure. second, we look at metropolitan authorities, which we analyse through bus rapid transit (brt) agencies. metropolitanisation crafts new scales of governance in africa�s larger cities. finally, we turn to the regulation of informal service delivery systems, which we analyse through popular transport regulation. the regulation of minibus and motorcycle taxis shows the central importance of everyday practice in urban statecraft in africa. the case of transport governance provides a particularly vivid display of the institutional fragmentation that exists between state agencies and institutions in african cities. in this context, the urban state is not a static municipal entity, but is enacted through complex and multi-scalar relationships. these relationships relate not only to the assignment of functions or territorial design, but also to the practices which animate infrastructural systems. more generally, we argue that there is ample scope within the african urban governance debates for deeper interrogation of statecraft.
3. title: problematising concepts of transit-oriented development in south african cities
authors: astrid wood
abstract: transit-oriented development (tod) is generally defined as planned high-density development containing a mixture of residential, retail, commercial and community uses around a transit hub and surrounded by a high-quality urban realm that prioritises the pedestrian (and more recently the cyclist) over the automobile. this article analyses the steps taken in cape town and johannesburg to develop tod schemes. in so doing, it problematises both the concept of tod as a universal mechanism in which all cities apply a similar set of guidelines as well as the specific planning practices in south african cities. drawing on the policy mobilities literature and specifically the emerging discussions of policy mobilities failure, i note the challenges and delays in implementing tod in south africa. it is not so much that tod has been applied incorrectly as that it has been unable to stick in the local context. rather than furthering the debate on whether a city should or should not promote tod, viewing their planning through a policy mobilities lens highlights the urban politics of policymaking. accordingly, the article presents a fine-tuned analysis of tod as both a conceptual framework as well as a process for actually doing transport planning. such a critical reading of the intertwined and overlapping practices of policymaking provides insights into the process of urban development and spatial transformation in (south/ern) africa as well as across cities of the global south.
4. title: everyday contours and politics of infrastructure: informal governance of electricity access in urban ghana
authors: ebenezer f amankwaa, katherine v gough
abstract: this article contributes to shaping the discourse on unequal geographies of infrastructure and governance in the global south, opening up new ways of thinking through politics, practices and modalities of power. conceptually, informality, governance and everyday urbanism are drawn on to unpack how the formal encounters the informal in ways that (re)configure infrastructure geographies and governance practices. this conceptual framing is empirically employed through an analysis of electricity access in accra, ghana, highlighting how residents navigate unequal electricity topographies, engage in self-help initiatives, and negotiate informal networks and formal governance practices. the spatiality of the electricity infrastructure has created inequity and opportunities for exploitation by �power-owners� and �power-agents� who control and manage the electricity distribution network and, in turn, privately supply power. electricity connections are negotiated, access is monetised and illegality excused on grounds of good-neighbourliness, thereby producing and perpetuating everyday politics of �making do�. community movements, everyday acts of improvisation, and incremental modifications are shown to influence the workings of formal institutions of government and shape uneven power relations and experiences of inequality. such an understanding of how marginalised residents navigate the electricity topographies of accra reveals a more nuanced politics of infrastructure access, which reflects the complex realities of hybridised modalities of governance and the multiple everyday dimensions of power that shape urban space. the article concludes that informality should not be recognised as failure but as a sphere of opportunity, innovation and transition.
5. title: the politics of hyperregulation in la paz, bolivia: speculative peri-urban development in a context of unresolved municipal boundary conflicts
authors: philipp horn
abstract: in bolivia, urbanisation increasingly takes place in peri-urban settings situated outside the boundaries of cities. unlike previous research that considers peri-urban developments such as rural-to-urban land use transitions to be characterised by state absence and little regulation and planning, this article demonstrates that such developments occur precisely because of the presence of particular multi-scalar governance configurations. drawing on case study material from peri-urban la paz, the article demonstrates how legislative reforms by bolivia�s national government on decentralisation and municipal delineation, which failed to establish clear jurisdictional boundaries, create a situation of hyperregulation whereby multiple local authorities claim political control over the same territory by deploying distinct and at times conflicting, legal and planning frameworks. while hyperregulation enables a loose coalition of elite actors, including government authorities, resident leaders of peri-urban settlements and private sector representatives, to advance specific political and socio-economic interests, it puts ordinary residents in a situation of permanent uncertainty. the article contributes to and further nuances conceptual debates on calculated informality which uncover how states deliberately create legally ambiguous systems to facilitate speculative urban developments. unlike previous studies which highlight that this is mainly achieved through state engineering, and particularly by suspending or violating the law, this article demonstrates that legal ambiguity and irregularity can also be generated through multi-scalar governance configurations that (1) involve a number of elite actors, including state authorities but also private sector and civil society representatives and (2) create a situation in which different regulatory systems co-exist without coordination.
6. title: social capital and perceived tenure security of informal housing: evidence from beijing, china
authors: mengzhu zhang
abstract: perceived tenure security is recognised to affect the socioeconomic behaviours and wellbeing of informal settlement dwellers. the provision of perceived tenure security is centred on the developmental agenda as a key policy alternative of tenure legalisation. despite the consensus about its importance, the reason perceived tenure security is different amongst dwellers remains unclear. to fill this gap, we introduce social capital theory to understand the formation of and disparity in perceived tenure security. the hypotheses are that dwellers living in informal settlements with higher collective social capital and having higher individual social capital tend to feel more secure on their tenure because of higher backing power attained to deter the threats of eviction. we examine the hypotheses using a structural equation model approach to a dataset collected from three small property rights housing communities, which are emerging informal settlements in urban china. modelling results support our hypotheses and suggest that female, low-income and migrant dwellers tend to feel less secure on their tenure because of the lack of social capital to deter the threats to their tenure. this study contributes to a new sociological explanation for the disparity in perceived tenure security other than the established psychological explanation. empirically, this study contributes to the understanding of the rapid development of small property rights housing developments in china from the perspective of how dwellers develop security on informal tenure.
7. title: natural population growth and urban management in metropolitan regions: insights from pre-crisis and post-crisis athens, greece
authors: sabato vinci, gianluca egidi, rosanna salvia, antonio gimenez morera, luca salvati
abstract: between the 1970s and the 1990s, cities in southern europe experienced a progressive delocalisation of population, settlements and activities over larger regions. economic downturns have increasingly influenced more recent waves of metropolitan growth, shaping differentiated patterns of urban change. while some cities evolved towards accelerated population dynamics in central districts responding to re-urbanisation impulses, other agglomerations were intrinsically bounded in a sort of �late suburbanisation�, with demographic shrinkage of both inner districts and rural areas, and uneven expansion of suburban population. by providing a comprehensive interpretation of the socioeconomic mechanisms underlying recent urban expansion, this study illustrates a diachronic analysis of population dynamics over multiple spatial scales and time frames in a metropolitan region of southern europe (athens, greece) between 1999 and 2019. natural population balance was investigated vis � vis selected territorial indicators using descriptive, inferential and multivariate statistics. results of the analysis identify different social forces underlying suburban population growth during economic expansion (2000s) and recession (2010s), evidencing a distinctive response of local communities to economic downturns that depends mostly on the background context (affluent versus disadvantaged neighbourhoods). given the multiplicity of territorial dimensions involved in urban growth, our findings highlight how economic downturns distinctively shape metropolitan development based on locally differentiated demographic dynamics.
8. title: on the recursive relationship between gentrification and labour market precarisation: evidence from two neighbourhoods in athens, greece
authors: konstantinos gourzis, andrew herod, ioannis chorianopoulos, stelios gialis
abstract: gentrification and labour precarisation constitute prominent responses to urban capitalist crises. they have typically been addressed in the literature as distinct processes. even though they can indeed occur independently of one another, here we argue that they are also often deeply interconnected. to do so, we utilise a mix of fieldwork and secondary data to investigate how gentrification has both fostered labour precarisation but also how it has been supported by it, within a context of economic recession yet growing tourist inflows into two neighbourhoods (koukaki and kerameikos) in central athens, greece. our findings show that the growth of precarious labour in construction has facilitated the development of several gentrification loci whilst, in turn, gentrification�s consolidation has encouraged the growth of poor working conditions in local lodging, hospitality/catering, and creative activities. ultimately, in highlighting the role of labour precarisation in gentrification, the paper argues that these processes are more than mere parts of an opportunistic conjuncture. instead, their interconnectedness constitutes an integral part of the city�s contemporary urbanisation, being a continuation of the crisis-struck, construction-driven economic models that have historically characterised much of the mediterranean european union.
9. title: between containment and crackdown in geylang, singapore: urban crime control as the statecrafting of migrant exclusion
authors: joe greener, laura naegler
abstract: based on a case study conducted in geylang, singapore, this article explores the role of urban policing, surveillance and crime control as mechanisms of social ordering that contribute to the marginalisation of excluded groups, including low-income migrant workers and sex workers. adopting a statecraft approach that emphasises the significance of �governing through crime� for the upholding of urban political-economic projects, we examine the entanglement of political discourses and crime and social control practices as co-constructive of class- and race-based inequality in singapore. drawing from qualitative interviews with ngo workers and sex workers, augmented by extensive non-participant observations, we identify three processes through which state power is vectored in geylang: the stigmatisation of the neighbourhood through association with marginalised groups, legitimising intense spatialised intervention; the enacting of performative zero-tolerance policing; and the containment and surveillance of illicit activities within the neighbourhood. contributing to discussions that advance the statecraft approach to researching urban crime control, the article shows that seemingly contradictory practices of tolerance and intervention constitute strategies of governance. the article argues that spatially specific crime control practices in geylang generated an exclusionary �spectacle� which symbolically connects low-income migrant workers with deviance, in turn supporting citizenship exclusion, racialised marginality and a wider politics of capital accumulation resting on disempowered labour. as we argue, crime control policies are an important form of statecraft legitimising an urban political economy that is heavily reliant on low-cost labour provided by migrant workers.
10. title: citizens go digital: a discursive examination of digital payments in singapore�s smart nation project
authors: gordon kuo siong tan
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalisation efforts in many countries as they try to contain the virus. with the physical handling of cash posing as a potential virus transmission risk, digital payments have become important in the urgent transition to a cashless society and a key feature of smart city projects. critical analyses have typically framed smart cities as neoliberalist developmental projects that see the partnering of the state with private corporations. however, it is unclear how the smart city emerges under the technocratic inclinations of the developmental state. focusing on the digital payments project under singapore�s smart nation initiative, this paper unpacks the discursive practices employed in mobilising citizen support for electronic payments through a critical analysis of publicly available government materials and recent initiatives. the discourse surrounding digital payments is bound up in narratives surrounding economic competitiveness, technological progress and public health and safety, and strongly rooted in a technocratic governance ethos that limits genuine citizen participation in shaping smart payments technologies. this paper argues that such discursive framings represent a missed opportunity to build a smart city that is truly citizen-centric. this reorientation requires more bottom-up and grassroots-based modes of governance that reformulate smart citizenship into one that pays greater attention to the affective and social contexts behind digital technologies.
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11. title: shareholder cities: land transformations along urban corridors in india
authors: giselle mendon�a abreu
abstract: the article reviews the book �shareholder cities: land transformations along urban corridors in india� by sai balakrishnan.
12. title: slow cities � conquering our speed addiction for health and sustainability
authors: paulo anciaes
abstract: the article reviews the book �slow cities � conquering our speed addiction for health and sustainability� by paul tranter and rodney tolley.
13. title: war and the city: urban geopolitics in lebanon
authors: jonas hagmann
abstract: the article reviews the book �war and the city: urban geopolitics in lebanon� by sara fregonese.
14. title: a feminist urban theory for our time: rethinking social reproduction and the urban
authors: andrea urbina-julio
abstract: the article reviews the book �a feminist urban theory for our time: rethinking social reproduction and the urban� by linda peake and elsa koleth.
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