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������������������8g$k�j4���gjijijijijijij�k�znhij������ij��4^j�������gj��gj������� �{�h��j�3jtj0�j��ncj�n��n/�n�h,��������ijij�����j�������������������������������������������������������������������������n�����������: science and public policy
volume 37, issue 5, jun 2010
1. title: the effects of government, academic and industrial policy on cross-university collaboration.
authors: clark, benjamin y.
abstract: this article examines how collaborating with industry influences the academic scientist's collaborations with scientists at other universities (cross-university collaboration). government policies have actively encouraged academics in different universities to collaborate with one another, but contract requirements stemming from academic--industrial collaborations often influence the ways in which academics can collaborate. the major findings from this article show that collaborating with industry appears to be linked to increasing levels of cross-university collaboration.
2. title: china is catching up in science and innovation: the experience of the chinese academy of sciences.
authors: xielin liu; tingting zhi
abstract: how can a developing country narrow its science and innovation gap with leading countries? the knowledge innovation program (kip) in the chinese academy of sciences (cas) is a giant program for this purpose in china. this article investigates the scientific input and output of cas since kip started to be implemented ten years ago. based on quantitative analysis, we can conclude from the results that kip is a powerful policy tool for cas to recruit talent, restructure cas institutes, extend the researcher pool and introduce merit-based criteria. this has led cas to narrow the science gap with leading countries; however, the innovation gap has still not been narrowed much.
3. title: are the concepts basic research, applied research and experimental development still useful? an empirical investigation among norwegian academics.
authors: gulbrandsen, magnus; kyvik, svein
abstract: categorisations of research have existed for a long time and have in particular been influential since the first international r&d statistics manual was developed. however, the definitions and categorisations have come under increasing pressure. scientists and policy-makers alike have claimed that the distinction between basic research, applied research and experimental development is increasingly irrelevant and based on misconceptions about modern knowledge production. despite the debate there is little empirical analysis of these issues. this article fills a major gap in the literature by addressing research classifications from an empirical point of view, using two surveys among academic staff in norwegian universities. even though a majority of academic staff members are able to use the research categories when describing own activities, most carry out a seemingly complex mix of different r&d. this has important implications for policy and for statistical and evaluative analysis of research work.
4. title: breaking the expertise barrier: understanding activist strategies in science and technology policy domains.
authors: parthasarathy, shobita.
abstract: this article develops a classificatory framework for analyzing advocacy group strategy in s&t policy domains -- an area of increasing citizen activism since the 1960s. in such domains, activists may be locked out by what i call the 'expertise barrier', which blocks those lacking specialized knowledge from full participation. this article argues that activists' strategies to break through the expertise barrier can be classified into four categories: deploying established expertise, introducing new kinds of facts, introducing new policy-making logics, and attacking bureaucratic rules. it suggests further that focusing research on these four categories can facilitate hypothesis generation and future avenues of inquiry, including comparison among advocacy challenges in diverse technical domains. to illustrate this framework, i present examples from activism in two areas: breast cancer research and patents on life forms.
5. title: doing research, creating impact: using 'protee' to learn from a genetically modified tree field trial.
authors: valve, helena; mcnally, ruth; pappinen, ari.
abstract: if a research project is to achieve its intended impacts, it must learn to become sensitive to the public context it implicitly assumes and enacts. this article presents a case study in which we used the perspectives provided by the 'protee' methodology to create an opportunity to explore, and to reflect on, the reality in which research on genetically modified trees was expected to make a difference. identifying potential barriers to persuasive communication brought out additional capacities and limitations of the research strategy. paradoxically the very same strategic choices which had allowed the research project to claim its policy-relevance ended up undermining its public role. since protee can help making such contradictions explicit, we claim that it has much to offer to research management.
6. title: brain drain of the scientific community of developing countries: the case of sri lanka.
authors: anas, m. u. m.; wickremasinghe, seetha i.
abstract: many asian developing countries face an increasing drain of their scientific community as a current challenge. this study identifies the trends in sri lanka and investigates the nature and dynamics of the pull and push factors at play here and in host countries. we used the expatriate scientists' database of the national science foundation of sri lanka and a follow-up survey. a highest proportion of the expatriate scientists are in the usa, followed by australia. the majority of respondents held postgraduate degrees; around 50% had doctoral degrees. 'further studies' was the major reason for emigration, followed by better career prospects. engineering was the most common specialization, followed by chemistry, agricultural sciences and microbiology/biotechnology/molecular biology. if their demands are adequately met, the majority of the expatriates were willing to return to sri lanka. the article discusses the relevance of policies adopted in other countries, such as india and china, for sri lanka.
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