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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�8�bjbj�n�n2��a��a]� ��""��8��4�@sl��krmrmrmrmrmrmr$�t�bw<�ri��r��4�r��kr�kr��0�y��l�wrs0@s��w/r�w��/�w��n��r�r�0@s��w"qs: world development volume 170, issue 10, october 2023 1. title: community-based health programs and child vaccinations: evidence from madagascar authors: catalina herrera-almanza, maria f. rosales-rueda abstract: vaccinations are a cost-effective tool to prevent child mortality and morbidity; however, their access and take-up remain low in developing countries. we analyze the effects on child vaccinations of a large-scale community-based health worker program that aimed to reach remote areas distant from public health facilities in madagascar. we identify these effects using a triple-difference design that leverages the time and geographic variation in the program rollout and the geocoded household distance to the closest health facility. our findings indicate that, on average, the program did not improve the vaccination uptake in treated areas; however, the community health workers component had an additional effect on children�s vaccinations in the most remote areas from the closest health facility. despite this improvement, we find that mothers� religious affiliation might constitute a barrier for the vaccination uptake of the most remote and vulnerable children. 2. title: valuing soil erosion control investments in nigerian agricultural lands: a hedonic pricing model authors: kritika sen chakraborty, avinandan chakraborty, robert p. berrens abstract: the effects of climate change are often writ large in the nexus of water and land. in nigeria, predominantly rainfed agriculture is confronting the consequences of climate extremes in the form of excessive rainfall, especially in the southern region. relatedly, the hazard of soil erosion represents one of the most pressing forms of land degradation, thereby threatening agricultural production and farmers� livelihoods. the objective of this analysis is to estimate the economic value of investing in a climate change adaptation strategy, specifically soil erosion control measures on agricultural lands in nigeria. the analysis employs a hedonic pricing model, using household-level self-reported land values from the nigeria living standards measurement survey, 2015�2016 and 2018�2019. results indicate that undertaking soil erosion control facilities is heavily capitalized into nigerian agricultural land values. the estimated marginal implicit price (mip) for undertaking soil erosion control is approximately 26% of mean land values. this value represents around half the annual nominal median income of a nigerian agrarian household. the estimated mip of soil erosion control adoption is positive in areas that experience moderate rainfall. results are maintained across a variety of robustness checks. our findings suggest that soil erosion control adoption can be an important source of wealth creation among smallholder farmers who are mainly engaged in subsistence farming. results support wider adoption of erosion control by landowners in accordance with highly variable weather patterns, and more broadly suggest the need to recognize the long-term gains from climate-smart agriculture (csa) practices and target investment aid towards sustainable agriculture. 3. title: following your lead: migration networks and immigrants' education decisions authors: ivette contreras abstract: this paper estimates the effect of immigrant networks on the education of school-age salvadoran immigrants in the united states. i construct an instrument for the network size in the u.s. using previous settlement patterns and municipality-level push factors in el salvador such as crime, agricultural land use, and economic development. i find that salvadoran immigrants lose half a year of education when their network size exogenously increases by 1 standard deviation (4.7% decrease). causal links between the education decisions of immigrants and their network may partly explain the low level of education attained by new young immigrants. immigrants with more education may assimilate better into their host countries and contribute to their economies. 4. title: when sterilizations lower immunizations: the emergency experience in india (1975�77) authors: charlotte pelras, andr�a renk abstract: in the 1970s in india, an aggressive family planning program resulted in more than eight million sterilizations in only a few months. under the assumption that this extremely unpopular sterilization campaign may have shaped demand for health services, we study the effect of this event on children�s immunization and hospital births. to account for possible non-randomness in coercion intensity, we use a difference-in-difference empirical strategy, which relies on the unexpected timing of the program and mother and village fixed effects. we show that an increase in district-wise sterilizations, compared to the previous period, led to a substantial decrease in the use of these services, especially vaccination. further evidence supports a decline in trust rather than a change in health supply or valuation of children. 5. title: indian dairy cooperative development: a combination of scaling up and scaling out producing a center-periphery structure authors: marie dervill�, diego manriquez, bruno dorin, claire aubron, didier raboisson abstract: our spatialized analysis of the development of indian dairy cooperatives from 1995 to 2015 contributes both theoretically and empirically to research on inclusive business (ib) and development. we emphasize the degrees of inclusiveness through the distinction between scaling out and scaling up by using quantitative data related to business evolution during this period. we determine that the diversification of cooperative activities upstream and downstream combined with the preservation of smallholder access is a good indicator of ibs and inclusive ecosystems and, therefore, of scaling up. in contrast, while northern and eastern states have only low-level collection activities, the spatial concentration of large and diversified cooperatives in western indian states shows a center-periphery structure, with scaling up taking place only in the center. the transfer of resources from mature to emerging cooperatives appears to be crucial, with consequences for both business model design and public intervention. 6. title: colonial origins and quality of education evidence from cameroon authors: yasmine bekkouche, yannick dupraz abstract: we revisit the question of colonial legacies in education by focusing on quality rather than quantity. we study cameroon, a country where a francophone education system with french colonial origins coexists with an anglophone system with british colonial origins. this allows us to investigate the impact of different teaching practices on students� test scores. we find that pupils schooled in the francophone system perform better in mathematics in grade 5, with test scores higher by two thirds of a standard deviation. thanks to detailed school survey data, we are able to account for a wide array of inputs of the education production function, such as the economic and social conditions of students, the material conditions of the schools and classrooms, as well as some information on the teachers� practices and pedagogical culture. we find that francophone schools have better classroom equipment and that francophone teachers use more vertical teaching methods, but that these differences cannot explain why francophone students perform better in mathematics. in the end, we cannot pin down the exact mechanism behind our result. 7. title: contemporaneous and lasting effects of electoral gender quotas authors: swapnil motghare abstract: this paper examines several ways in which electoral gender quotas affect the political system. it uses data on reserved seat quotas for women in village councils in the indian state of jharkhand. village council head positions subjected to gender quotas continue to elect more women even after the quotas are no longer binding. gender quotas do not have spillover effects on other lower hierarchy positions in the council. they reduce electoral competitiveness, but only in the first round of elections and only at council member position. they do not affect the caste composition of the winning candidates. these results suggest that women�s representation may be achieved without large negative effects and that temporary electoral gender quotas can be an effective policy tool to increase long-run women�s political representation. the results are pertinent for affirmative action policies addressing other forms of discrimination. 8. title: vulnerability and coping strategies within wild meat trade networks during the covid-19 pandemic authors: charis enns, nathalie van vliet, joseph mbane, jonas muhindo, ... robert nasi abstract: measures adopted to prevent the spread of covid-19 and economic shocks caused by the pandemic have affected food networks globally, including wild meat trade networks that support the livelihoods and food security of millions of people around the world. in this article, we examine how covid-related shocks have affected the vulnerability and coping strategies of different actors along wild meat trade networks. informed by 1,876 questionnaires carried out with wild meat hunters, traders, vendors, and consumers in cameroon, colombia, democratic republic of congo (drc), and guyana, the article presents qualitative evidence as to how covid-19 impacted different segments of society involved in wild meat trade networks. our findings largely align with mcnamara et al. (2020) and kamogne tagne et al.�s (2022) causal model hypothesising how the impacts of the pandemic could lead to a change in local incentives for wild meat hunting in sub-saharan african countries. like mcnamara et al. (2020) and kamogne tagne et al. (2022), we find that the pandemic reduced wild meat availability for wild meat actors in urban areas while increasing reliance on wild meat for subsistence purposes in rural areas. however, we find some impact pathways to be more relevant than others, and also incorporate additional impact pathways into the existing causal model. based on our findings, we argue that wild meat serves as an important safety net in response to shocks for some actors in wild meat trade networks. we conclude by advocating for policies and development interventions that seek to improve the safety and sustainability of wild meat trade networks and protect access to wild meat as an environmental coping strategy during times of crisis. 9. title: ecologically unequal exchange and uneven development patterns along global value chains authors: jeffrey althouse, louison cahen-fourot, bruno carballa-smichowski, c�dric durand, steven knauss abstract: this paper relates participation in global value chains (gvcs) to development patterns and ecologically unequal exchange (eue). we conduct a principal components analysis and a clustering analysis along six dimensions (gvc participation, gvc value capture, investment, socioeconomic development, domestic environmental impact and international environmental balance) for 133 countries between 1995 and 2015. we find three social, ecological, productive development and gvc insertion patterns: �curse of gvc marginalization�, �ecologically perverse upgrading� and �reproduction of the core�. while our results confirm the asymmetry in ecological degradation between high-income and low-income economies shown by eue, it refines and nuances these findings. we argue that environmental asymmetries are driven in large part by differences in how countries articulate within gvcs. countries with a higher capacity to capture value from gvc participation (�reproduction of the core�) are able to displace environmental impacts to countries facing a trade-off between upgrading in gvcs and ecological degradation (�ecologically perverse upgrading�). marginalization from gvcs, mitigates the impact of ecologically unequal exchange but constitutes a barrier to socio-economic benefits. moreover, the lack of diffusion of more ecologically-efficient processes through gvcs has a negative impact on domestic ecological degradation for countries of the �curse of gvc marginalization� group. 10. title: can csr strategy mediate conflict over extraction? evidence from two mines in peru authors: deborah avant, devin finn, tricia d. olsen abstract: we argue that corporate social responsibility (csr) strategies can shape political contexts to mediate or exacerbate the resource curse. using a relational pragmatic approach�one that recognizes actors are dynamic and focuses on the interactions that shape how they see their interests�we develop expectations about two ideal type csr strategies: transformational and transactional and their relational implications. we demonstrate the usefulness of this approach through the examination of two mines in peru. drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2017 and 2018 and secondary research, we show how one mine�s transformational strategy connected the company to common, or public, concerns in ways that rearticulated politics to dampen curse dynamics. the second mine�s transactional strategy narrowed its local engagement in ways that reduced its influence and played into curse dynamics. this research illustrates both the value of pragmatic approaches for integrating csr into governance and the way in which csr strategies can help mitigate the resource curse. 11. title: cultivating inequality? regional rubber dynamics and implications for voluntary sustainability programs in lao pdr authors: rebecca traldi, julie a. silva, peter potapov, alexandra tyukavina, ... chittana phompila abstract: the southeast asian rubber boom beginning in the early 20002 s shaped a myriad of socioeconomic and environmental consequences, including deforestation, ecosystem impacts, shifts in community livelihoods, and altered local access to land and resources. although there has been significant research assessing rubber production in this region, there has been less focus on economic inequality and polarization outcomes in rubber producing areas. this analysis explores the extent to which rubber production growth was associated with changes in rural economic inequality and polarization from 2007/08 to 2012/13, using lao pdr as a case study. we also investigate the implications of these changes for voluntary sustainability programs focused on rubber production. we achieve this through a synthesis of land-use change and economic data. first, we estimate rubber plantation extent based on landsat time series data and supervised classification. we combine this with household expenditures data from the laos expenditure and consumption survey from 2007/08 to 2012/13, conducting gini decomposition and duclos esteban ray index calculations to explore economic inequality and polarization in rubber and non-rubber producing areas. our results indicate that rubber areas experience greater inequality and polarization compared to non-rubber areas. the northern, central, and southern regions experience different economic inequality and polarization outcomes � inequality-enhancing effects appear to be greatest in the south, where large-scale concessions dominate rubber production. we assess the implications of our findings for voluntary rubber sustainability programs, arguing that these programs should address systemic drivers of inequality and polarization, including dispossession from land and forest resources, insufficient worker protections, livelihood vulnerability, and barriers for smallholders. overall, our results underscore the importance of strong regulation, multi-stakeholder action, and environmental and social performance criteria in rubber production. 12. title: social networks, empowerment, and wellbeing among syrian refugee and jordanian women: implications for development and social inclusion authors: jannik j. eggerman, rana dajani, praveen kumar, susannah chui, ... catherine panter-brick abstract: in response to large-scale refugee crises, frameworks for development assistance have promoted women�s empowerment, wellbeing, and social inclusion. a productive research agenda lies in analyzing social networks: it is unknown how women structure their social ties within refugee and host communities, and whether social networks matter for their sense of empowerment and wellbeing. in 2022, we surveyed syrian refugee (n = 106) and jordanian (n = 109) women from poor households across five neighborhoods in amman. we implemented a standard network survey instrument (persnet) to assess network structure and composition. we tested associations with six measures (pe, mrs, mtl, cantril, pwb, mspss) of psychological empowerment and wellbeing. we then conducted participatory network mapping (net-map) to assess local meanings of empowerment and visually map the pathways between social actors, community-based work, and psychological outcomes. survey data show that networks were highly homogeneous, smaller for syrians than jordanians (p = 0.0001), and smaller for women in very poor households (p < 0.0001). as network size increased, so did levels of psychological empowerment (p = 0.02), motivation to lead (p = 0.007) and perceived social support (p = 0.001). notably, as networks became increasingly kin-based, empowerment levels decreased (p = 0.003). networks were more diverse for community volunteers, who named fewer female, married, and kin-based peers (p d" 0.05), and reported higher levels of resourcefulness (p = 0.01) and psychological wellbeing (p = 0.002). qualitative data show that women, who described empowerment as �ability� and �proof of existence,� drew upon volunteering work to diversify their networks outside the home. such evidence matters for development initiatives that build programs for women to work, learn, and socially interact. we conclude that expanding opportunities for volunteer work is one way of diversifying social networks and empowering urban poor women. our research helps better understand how women can be supported to diversify their social ties, take community leadership roles, and respond to social change. 13. title: health consequences of small-scale industrial pollution: evidence from the brick sector in bangladesh authors: nina brooks, debashish biswas, raduan hossin, alexander yu, ... stephen p. luby abstract: coal-fired brick kilns have spread rapidly in bangladesh, where they are one of the largest sources of air pollution. the adverse health impacts of air pollution have been widely documented, yet there is little empirical evidence on the externalities of this important industry. we conducted a field study in bangladesh to quantify the contribution of brick kilns to fine particulate matter (pm2.5) and estimate the association with child asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and general respiratory symptoms. we exploit variation in the timing of brick production, seasonal wind direction, and household proximity to kilns to isolate the effects of brick manufacturing from other sources of air pollution. we find that pm2.5 is 72.3 �g/m3 (95% ci: 10.2, 134.3) higher in areas 2 km downwind from a brick kiln during the brick production season. we also find 2.2 (95% ci: 1.2, 4.3) greater odds of copd symptoms among adults over 40 and 4.2 (95% ci: 2.7, 6.8) greater odds of respiratory symptoms among adults over 18. among children under 5, we found greater odds of respiratory symptoms (2.1, 95% ci: 0.7, 6.0) and asthma symptoms (2.5, 95% ci: 0.1, 96.1), but the results were underpowered for the smaller sample of children. our findings suggest that existing regulations, which require that kilns be at least 1�2 km from residential areas, schools, and health facilities, are inadequate to protect nearby communities from the substantial health burden brick manufacturing imposes. 14. title: integrated policymaking: institutional designs for implementing the sustainable development goals (sdgs) authors: anita breuer, julia leininger, daniele malerba, jale tosun abstract: increased policy coherence and integrated implementation are necessary to address pressing development problems that cut across different sectors. meeting these demands, as called for by the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, requires institutional innovation. based on the comparative analysis of 137 countries, this paper investigates how governments have responded to this call and which contextual factors shape their institutional responses. we propose a four-dimensional typology to analyse the institutional set-ups for implementing the sustainable development goals (sdg), focusing on political leadership, horizontal integration across policy sectors, vertical integration across levels of government, and integration of societal stakeholders. we apply this framework to the descriptions of national sdg-implementation bodies provided by governments in their voluntary national review (vnrs) and use qualitative directed content analysis and regression modelling to investigate different driving factors of institutional design choices, including socio-economic development and political regime. besides a strong commitment from the centre of government in most cases, our results show that ministries of the exterior and the environment have a dominant role, indicating that sustainability is not yet perceived holistically. further, we find that the integration of subnational governments and societal actors is often under-institutionalised: while countries with higher levels of socio-economic development appear more likely to set up mechanisms suited to achieving cross-sectoral integration, political regime type seems to have little impact on institutional design choices for sdg implementation. conceptually, this study offers a theory-led investigation of the institutional mechanisms for integrated sdg-implementation and the factors that drive institutional innovation or inertia. empirically, by compiling the information in an original dataset, our study paves the way for future cross-national analysis on effective integrated sdg implementation and identifies entry points for inter- and transnational support of integrated sdg implementation in the context of development cooperation. 15. title: fish to fight: does catching more fish increase conflicts in indonesia? authors: yifan lu, satoshi yamazaki abstract: to what extent do marine-based economic activities influence the onset of violent conflict? despite ongoing debate over several decades around the relationship between natural resources and violent conflict, little of the relevant research has addressed the marine environment. based on satellite data in indonesia, this paper exploited geographical variations in ocean productivity to provide new evidence on the relationship between fisheries and violent conflict. using a search-by-radius approach, we compiled a sample of 757 cells to represent spatial interactions and spillovers between land-based conflicts and catch landings on the sea. we found that both industrial and non-industrial catches exhibit a statistically significant positive influence on the occurrence of conflict events. additionally, increased illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) catches are more likely than legal catches to cause violent conflict. an increase in fish catches in indonesian waters fuels conflict of every kind, among which protests and riots are most sensitive to fisheries while fighting and terrorism are least sensitive. overall, these empirical findings support the hypothesis that increased competition for common-pool resources contributes to the onset of violent conflict. 16. title: how did the covid-19 crisis affect different types of workers in the developing world? authors: maurice kugler, mariana viollaz, daniel duque, isis gaddis, ... michael weber abstract: this paper examines how the covid-19 pandemic affected the employment of different groups of workers across 40 mostly low and middle-income countries. employment outcomes during the crisis are tracked through high-frequency phone surveys conducted by the world bank and national statistics offices. our results show that larger shares of female, young, less educated, and urban workers stopped working at the beginning of the pandemic. gender gaps in work stoppage stemmed mainly from gender differences within sectors rather than differential employment patterns of men and women across sectors. differences in work stoppage between urban and rural workers were markedly smaller than those across gender, age, and education groups. preliminary results from 10 countries suggest that following the initial shock at the start of the pandemic, employment rates partially recovered between april and august 2020, with greater gains for those groups that had borne the brunt of the early jobs losses. although the high-frequency phone surveys over-represent household heads and therefore overestimate employment rates, a validation exercise for five countries suggests that they provide a reasonably accurate measure of disparities in employment levels by gender, education, and urban/rural location following the onset of the crisis, although they perform less well in capturing disparities between age groups. these results shed new light on the distributional labor market consequences of the covid-19 crisis in developing countries, and suggest that real-time phone surveys, despite their lack of representativeness, are a valuable source of information to measure differential employment impacts across groups during an unfolding crisis. 17. title: fostering early childhood development in low-resource communities: evidence from a group-based parenting intervention in tanzania authors: margaret leighton, anitha martine, julius massaga abstract: group-based parent training programmes present an affordable means to influence the early experiences of children at scale. this paper reports evidence on the effectiveness of a practice-led intervention piloted in rural tanzania evaluated through a matched control study design. the core of the programme is an 8�10 week caregiver training course led by local facilitators, built around early stimulation and nurturing care. after two years of implementation, the intervention led to improvements in the development of 3-year olds of 0.29 standard deviations. detailed data on caregivers indicates that these improvements are due to changes in the type and frequency of caregiver-child interactions for both mothers and fathers, as well as the quality of play materials in the home. 18. title: fair compensation in large-scale land acquisitions: fair or fail? authors: marcello de maria, elizabeth j.z. robinson, giacomo zanello abstract: despite the existence of a legal framework defining the right to fair compensation, and notwithstanding the vast literature on transnational and domestic land deals, no theory has been developed so far to allow for a specific analysis of the economics of fair compensation in large-scale land acquisitions (lslas), limiting our understanding of the underlying reasons of success or failure of this important legal protection mechanism. building on the review of the existing literature on fair compensation and on the critical examination of several real-world case studies, this paper fills this gap by developing a three-player sequential game, which captures the peculiarities of fair compensation in large-scale land deals. we show that, under specific but not uncommon circumstances, the local community will be offered a zero-compensation as a rational consequence of the players� optimisation, and this will lead to a land conflict, with all players incurring additional costs. our findings suggest that local populations will be offered � and willing to accept � a compensation that is smaller than their original livelihood, unless they can oppose the land deal at no cost. thus, the right to consent is inextricably related to the right to reject in lslas. if the former is frictionless while the latter comes at a cost, then there is space for strategic behaviours that exploit power imbalances and discretionary processes, and the fair compensation right is, in practice, weakened. 19. title: regime legitimation strategies and competition laws in autocracies authors: nam kyu kim abstract: competition laws play important roles in safeguarding and promoting competition in an economy. one important question is why some countries adopt strong competition laws, while others do not. previous studies emphasize the difference between democracy and autocracy and argue that democracies tend to adopt stronger competition laws. however, these studies pay little attention to the fact that autocratic competition policies vary considerably. i argue that autocratic regimes� legitimation strategies affect their competition policies. even autocrats care about what ordinary citizens think and will attempt to legitimize themselves. however, autocrats rely on different legitimacy claims to justify their rule. when autocracies justify their rule based on their performance, they more seriously consider economic concentration and anti-competitive practices, which leads them to adopt stronger competition laws. this incentive is much weaker when they rely on other legitimacy claims. i further posit that institutional and external contexts modify the effect of performance-based legitimation strategies. to the extent that performance-based legitimation strategies lead to stronger competition policies, they are more likely to do so either when an authoritarian regime allows electoral competition or when neighboring countries have strong competition laws. i test the hypotheses by using a global sample of autocracies from 1950 to 2010. a comprehensive set of analyses provide strong evidence for the arguments. the result shows that an authoritarian regime�s performance-based legitimacy claims are positively related to its competition laws� strength, while other legitimation strategies do not positively correlate with the strength of competition laws. further analysis reveals that performance legitimacy claims significantly interact with electoral competition and the regional prevalence of competition laws to influence competition policies. 20. title: gender wage discrimination with employer prejudice and trade openness authors: sarra ben yahmed abstract: this paper studies the effect of trade liberalisation on gender wage inequality. a simple trade model with employer taste-based discrimination and imperfect competition provides an explanation for the heterogeneous effects of international trade on the gender wage gap within sectors. while import competition reduces rents and with them the gender wage gap, the effect of exports depends on the level of concentration of a sector. on the one hand, easier access to foreign markets has a competition effect through the selection of the low-cost firms in non-concentrated sectors. on the other hand, better export opportunities with easier access to foreign markets can increase profits of domestic firms� in concentrated sectors and thus enable discriminatory firms to maintain wage gaps. evidence from uruguay supports the empirical relevance of the taste-based discrimination mechanism at the sector level. 21. title: fighting covid-19 amidst civil conflict: micro-level evidence from burkina faso authors: mohammad h. sepahvand, philip verwimp abstract: how does violent conflict affect the spread of covid-19? in this paper we analyze how violent conflict influences the adoption of preventative measures and infection rate in a very poor, conflict-affected country, burkina faso. we use a unique panel of 1,919 households surveyed during the first six months of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and merge these data with indicators of violence at the municipality and regional level. infection data are leveraged from test centers located across 65 municipalities in the country. we find a lower adoption rate of preventive measures, and a higher infection rate in areas affected by violence. we also find that poverty appears to play a role for understanding individuals� adoption rate of preventive measures. closure of health centers in violence-prone areas is a potential mechanism that seems to drive our results. we argue that political interventions towards peace and stability also help to tackle the covid-19 pandemic. 22. title: making meat and milk from plants: a review of plant-based food for human and planetary health authors: prabhu pingali, jocelyn boiteau, abhinav choudhry, aaron hall abstract: interest in alternative protein sources to substitute for animal source protein-rich foods has emerged alongside calls for sustainable food systems to meet protein demands as the global population grows towards a projected 9.8 billion people by 2050. food companies are capitalizing on sustainable diet recommendations that encourage consumption of plant-based foods and have heavily invested in new plant-based foods that mimic animal source foods, effectively expanding the �plant-based foods� category. at the same time, globally there are two opposing protein transitions taking place as lower-income populations shift from plant to animal protein sources and higher-income populations that overconsume animal protein sources are recommended to shift towards plant-based foods. using a global food systems lens, this review article builds on existing literature to assess the extent to which plant-based meat and milk analogs can become part of sustainable diets across two competing protein transitions and to identify unresolved knowledge gaps. this articles first examines global meat and dairy consumption trends as well as the emergence of plant-based analogs and consumer perceptions. we then draw on the literature to compare the environmental footprints and nutrition compositions of plant-based meats and milks against their respective conventional equivalents. we find that, while there are promising environmental benefits to substituting meats and milk with certain plant-based analogs, the uptake of these products is likely stifled based on the small number of products they mimic (i.e., ground meat, meat emulsions, meat crumbles, and fluid milk). further, plant-based analogs do not completely mimic the nutrient composition of animal source foods. plant-based analogs may have improved compositions, such as improved fat profiles. however, analogs may lack comparable protein and micronutrients that are highly bioavailable in animal source foods. care should be considered for plant-based analogs that inherently fall under the �plant- based food� category as they are vastly different from whole and minimally processed plant foods and the intended benefits of plant-based food consumption may not be generalizable. future assessments of meat and milk analogs should consider under which contexts direct substitution of animal source foods are viable from a consumer standpoint and examine both environment and nutrition impacts that are important to the given population. 23. title: the impact of robots in latin america: evidence from local labor markets authors: irene brambilla, andr�s c�sar, guillermo falcone, leonardo gasparini abstract: we study the effect of robots on labor markets in argentina, brazil, and mexico, the major robot users in latin america, during the period 2004�2016. we exploit spatial and time variations in exposure to robots arising from initial differences in industry specialization across geographic locations and the evolution of robot adoption across industries, to estimate a causal effect of robots on local labor market outcomes. we find that district�s exposure to robots causes a relative deterioration in labor market indicators such us unemployment and labor informality. we document that robots mainly replace formal salaried jobs, affecting young and semi-skilled workers to a greater extent, and that informal employment acts as a buffer that prevents a larger increase in unemployment. 24. title: stakeholder engagement in the co-production of knowledge for environmental decision-making authors: andrea k. gerlak, zack guido, gigi owen, mariana sofia rodriguez mcgoffin, ... nupur joshi abstract: the production of science has generally been understood as primarily a technical endeavor, conducted by a narrow group of knowledge �experts� who ostensibly bring legitimacy and rigor to the process. in recent decades, the speed with which global environmental change has unfolded has pressured the scientific community to engage a broader set of actors in the production of knowledge to inform decision-making. indeed, calls for societal engagement in the �co-production� of knowledge have proliferated in environmental and natural resource governance, climate adaptation, and land system science scholarship, among many others. we conduct a systematic review of scholarship focused on collaborative engagement between scientists and decision-makers to better understand the nature of stakeholder engagement in science production processes. we analyze collaborative knowledge generation within research that conceptualizes it as co-production and transdisciplinarity. we explore how stakeholders are defined, the processes by which stakeholders are engaged, the societal impacts associated with stakeholder engagement, and the barriers and enablers to stakeholder engagement. we uncover a diverse body of scholarship from around the world that cuts across many environmental issues, and highlights challenges in stakeholder engagement related to unequal and unmitigated power relations. we conclude with a set of recommendations related to how researchers engage in and report on stakeholder engagement in co-production processes. 25. title: labor market integration, local conditions and inequalities: evidence from refugees in switzerland authors: tobias m�ller, pia pannatier, martina viarengo abstract: the paper examines the patterns of economic integration of refugees in switzerland, a country with a long tradition of hosting refugees, a top-receiving host in europe, and a prominent example of a multicultural society. it relies on a unique longitudinal dataset consisting of administrative records and social security data for the universe of refugees in switzerland over 1998�2018. this data is used to reconstruct the individual-level trajectories of refugees and to follow them since arrival over the life-cycle. the empirical analysis exploits the government dispersal policy in place since 1998, which consists of the exogenous allocation of refugees across cantons, to identify the effects of the local initial conditions. the study finds that higher unemployment rates at arrival slow down the integration process, whereas the existence of a co-ethnic network does not consistently lead to a faster integration. it is shown that a change toward more restrictive attitudes over time in a canton (relative to attitudes in other cantons) leads to higher employment rates of the successive refugee cohorts. these effects persist over the refugees� life-cycle. together these results, highlight the importance of taking a longer run perspective when examining the effectiveness of policies, as the effects may vary over time and different complementary interventions may be needed in the short vs. long-run. 26. title: long-term effects of the 1923 mass refugee inflow on social cohesion in greece authors: elie murard abstract: after the 1919�1922 greco-turkish conflict, 1.2 million greek orthodox were forcibly displaced from turkey to greece, increasing the host population by 20 percent within a few months. refugees were provided with farmland, new houses and schools, and were granted the greek citizenship. this paper analyses the social integration outcomes of refugees from the first and second generations, as well as the long-term effect of their resettlement on the social cohesion of receiving communities. combining historical and modern population censuses and surveys, i find that, by the 2000s, refugees display a high rate of intermarriage with greek natives, report levels of trust in others and in institutions similar to natives, vote for similar political parties, and exhibit higher political and civic engagement than natives. the integration of refugees was notably fostered by the construction of new schools which helped close the literacy gap with native children shortly after refugees� arrival in greece. at the local level, places with higher share of refugees in 1928 display greater participation in voluntary associations 80 years later. i find no evidence that refugees either reduced voter turnout, increased political fragmentation, or led to higher levels of crime in places of resettlement. these results may suggest that early investments in inclusion policies can be effective at fostering refugees� assimilation, at least when newcomers and locals have similar cultural profiles. 27. title: rebel group formation in africa: evidence from a new dataset authors: janet i. lewis abstract: theories of internal armed conflict onset often conceptualize an eruption emerging from pre-existing, non-violent opposition movements or organizations. this paper argues that this is not the most common pathway to armed conflict in africa. it introduces new data on rebel group formation in 47 african states (1997�2015) that offers a more complete picture than existing conflict datasets; about two-thirds of the groups in the new dataset are not named in standard conflict datasets. the strong majority of these rebel groups formed in rural areas; did not emerge from nearby protest movements or civil society organizations; and initially did not benefit from substantial material resources nor commit large-scale violence. analyses suggest that rebel groups forming in rural parts of african states draw less often on pre-war, public, non-violent contestation than those of urban areas. the paper highlights the need for more theory on the varied pathways to internal armed conflict, and the importance of � and challenges of collecting � systematic evidence on armed group formation. 28. title: community and industrial forest concessions: are they effective at reducing forest loss and does fsc certification play a role? authors: corinne bocci, lea fortmann abstract: this paper examines the role of community forest management coupled with mandatory forest certification in guatemala�s maya biosphere reserve (mbr). forest stewardship council (fsc) certification aims to promote sustainable forest practices and increase economic returns for harvesting certified timber through price premiums gained through eco-labeling and specialized access to international markets. guatemala established community and industrial forest concessions in the reserve as a way to stem rampant deforestation in the region in the 1990s. concessions are required to obtain fsc certification to maintain their harvesting rights to the forest. the communities that manage the concessions vary across a number of cultural and socio-demographic characteristics, such as income, educational attainment, and previous forest experience. some community concession members have lived in the region for multiple generations and have historically depended on the forest for their livelihoods, while other groups are comprised of more recent migrants that come primarily from agricultural backgrounds. the differences among the community forest groups, along with the private industrial concessions, allow for a robust examination of the impact of forest certification across different institutional approaches to forest management. using hansen�s forest loss data from 2000 to 2017 for guatemala, we employ a random effects model to compare the effectiveness of the community and industrial concessions in reducing deforestation compared to a matched control group. additionally, we test whether the benefit of increased market access that comes with fsc certification further decreases deforestation. our findings suggest that sustainable forest management practices have continued to reduce forest loss in the mbr, just as well, if not more so than the industrial concessions, but the impact varies based on community characteristics. the market access component of fsc certification also impacts deforestation, although the effect is small. 29. title: do green foreign direct investments increase the innovative capability of mne subsidiaries? authors: vito amendolagine, ulrich elmer hansen, rasmus lema, roberta rabellotti, 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