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volume 49, issue 6, may 2012
1. title: housing densities and consumer choice
authors: alan evans; rachael unsworth
abstract: from 2001, the construction of flats and high-density developments increased in england and the building of houses declined. does this indicate a change in taste or is it a result of government planning policies? in this paper, an analysis is made of the long-term effects of the policy of constraint which has existed for the past 50 years but the increase in density is identified as occurring primarily after new, revised, planning guidance was issued in england in 2000 which discouraged low-density development. to substantiate this, it is pointed out that the change which occurred in england did not occur in scotland where guidance was not changed to encourage high-density residential development. the conclusion that the change is the result of planning policies and not of a change in taste is confirmed by surveys of the occupants of new high-rise developments in leeds. the new flat-dwellers were predominantly young and childless and expressed the intention, in the near future, when they could, of moving out of the city centre and into houses. from recent changes in guidance by the new coalition government, it is expected that the construction of flats in england will fall back to earlier levels over the next few years.
2. title: knowledge in cities
authors: todd gabe; jaison abel; adrienne ross; kevin stolarick
abstract: this study identifies clusters of us and canadian metropolitan areas with similar knowledge traits. these groups�ranging from �making regions�, characterised by knowledge about manufacturing, to �thinking regions�, noted for knowledge about the arts, humanities, it and commerce�can be used by analysts and policy-makers for the purposes of regional benchmarking or comparing the types of programme and infrastructure available to support closely related economic activities. in addition, these knowledge-based clusters help to explain the types of region that have levels of economic development that exceed, or fall short of, other places with similar amounts of college attainment. regression results show that �engineering�, �building�, �enterprising� and �making� regions are associated with higher levels of productivity and/or income per capita; while �teaching�, �understanding�, �working� and �comforting� regions have lower levels of economic development.
3. title: an evaluation of the layering and legacy of area-based regeneration initiatives in england: the case of wolverhampton
authors: steven henderson
abstract: in england, there have been 40 years of area-based initiatives (abis) involving strategic national government intervention in local authority areas with significant regeneration needs. whilst they have been examined individually, less consideration has been given to the layering and legacy of abis. uncertainties include whether local authorities have institutionalised new ways of operating or whether layering complexities have acted as significant barriers. focusing on wolverhampton, in the west midlands, this paper examines recent abi experiences and discusses why support for city challenge (1992�98) appeared stronger than the more recent new deal for communities programme (2001�11). important abi legacies include greater diversity of neighbourhood structures, anxiety towards abis where property markets are depressed and the realisation that, whilst partnership working has intensified, traditional exclusionary aspects remain. achieving the most effective governance structures to facilitate urban regeneration remains an on-going challenge, including within emerging coalition government policy frameworks.
4. title: the potential effects of spatial strategies on urban sprawl in istanbul
authors: fatih terzi; fulin b�len
abstract: urban sprawl is one of the major issues regarding sustainable urban development. in response to concerns about sprawl, compact development strategies have been proposed to promote sustainable development. however, a compact development approach needs to pay attention to the crucial question of commercial profitability. the aim of this article is to inquire into the commercial profitability of compact development strategies by developing different scenarios and to put forward ways to control urban sprawl through certain spatial strategies in the istanbul case. the results indicate that the current planning approach is not effective in reducing sprawl without setting certain spatial strategies by which development activity is restricted, or imposing additional requirements for new development in certain areas. it is found that urban sprawl can be reduced by up to 62 per cent through setting certain spatial strategies and that uncontrolled urban sprawl might feasibly be shifted from peripheral to central areas.
5. title: the home, pension savings and risk aversion: intentions of the defined contribution pension plan participants of a london-based investment bank at the peak of the bubble
authors: gordon l. clark; stephen almond; kendra strauss
abstract: in the lead-up to the peak of the financial bubble (and before the onset of the global financial crisis), property was regularly promoted as a ready-made alternative to private pensions. this paper explores the importance of owner-occupied housing for the retirement savings strategies of defined contribution (dc) pension plan members. based upon a unique survey of over 2300 participants in the dc pension scheme of a london-based international bank, an assessment is made of the statistical significance of respondents� socioeconomic status and risk preference in predicting the significance or otherwise of their home for retirement saving. relatively few respondents indicated that they were likely to rely on their home. those that indicated reliance were relatively older, higher-paid and married employees. the paper concludes with implications for understanding the connection between savings behaviour and housing before and after the global financial crisis.
6. title: differentiated markets: shanghai, beijing and hong kong in china�s financial centre network
authors: karen lai
abstract: this paper examines the roles of shanghai, beijing and hong kong as financial centres by utilising interview and secondary data to analyse the decision-making of financial and regulatory actors, and the different functional roles of foreign banks in those cities. their intercity relations demonstrate a complex mix of competition and collaboration that embeds them in evolving networks of interdependence. empirical findings indicate differentiated markets leading to the distinctive development of shanghai as a commercial centre, beijing as a political centre and hong kong as an offshore financial centre, with all three financial centres performing distinctive and complementary roles within the regional banking strategies of foreign banks. the analysis first explains hong kong�s continued dominance in the region and, secondly, reveals insights into changing intercity relationships between these prominent chinese cities that contribute to their distinctive development as financial centres.
7. title: socio-technical systems, public space and urban fragmentation: the case of �cybercaf�s� in china
authors: gilles puel; val�rie fernandez
abstract: the geography of internet access places is constructed by the interaction of the stakeholders, not only by the negotiation of local regulatory policies but also by the uses of these technologies. it differentiates urban space, contributes to urban fragmentation and the fragmentation into archipelagos of social groups, in a relationship which is not one-to-one. the new socio-technical practices of the city in interaction with infrastructures linked to mobility and accessibility produce urban forms which intensify social fragmentation. this work is based on field surveys conducted in china combining face-to-face questionnaires and in-depth interviews with operators (of cybercaf�s, local managers, etc.) and their users.
8. title: transport impacts of clustered development in beijing: compact development versus overconcentration
authors: jiawen yang; qing shen; jinzhen shen; canfei he
abstract: this research aims to inform the compact city discussion with a case study of beijing, where urban planning has emphasised clustered suburban development in the past half-century. it uses three decades of census data to describe beijing�s spatial development trajectory and a household survey to assess its transport impacts. the research reveals an overconcentration of urban activities as a result of the featureless expansion of the central built-up area and the absorption of the suburban clusters; and, a lengthened commuting time stemming from the observed spatial development pattern. beijing�s experience adds to the existing literature by informing the search for good city forms in urban areas of high density. it is essential to differentiate compact development from overconcentration when combating sprawling development. developing and maintaining suburban nodal characteristics around public transit can reduce travel in high-density urban areas.
9. title: negotiating the polycentric city-region: developmental state politics of new town development in the seoul capital region
authors: yong-sook lee; haeran shin
abstract: this study seeks to distinguish patterns and processes of contemporary urbanisation in the east asian context by investigating contemporary developments at the edge of the seoul capital city over the past two decades. through the analytical angle of local politics, the aim is to examine the nature, driving forces and outcomes of these new town developments in the context of south korean urbanisation through the case of the pangyo new town development. it is argued that a new form of governance with regard to city-region formation is gradually emerging, while the state still holds significant institutional power and policy tools in the context of new town development. this study utilises triangulation techniques that employ multiple methods of observations, such as interviewing (informal, formal and semi-formal), listening, document analysis and site visits.
10. title: t-communities and sense of community in a university town: evidence from a student sample using a spatial ordered-response model
authors: kate e. whalen; antonio p�ez; chandra bhat; md moniruzzaman; rajesh paleti
abstract: an emerging interest in transport research concerns the factors that can help to create strong, sustainable and �livable� communities; however, relatively limited empirical work has been conducted to date. in this paper the perception of sense of community among neighbourhood residents is investigated. drawing from research on tertiary street-communities (t-communities), the paper explores the effect of the urban landscape, particularly street networks, and neighbourhood and individual characteristics on sense of community. a sample of students at mcmaster university in hamilton, canada, is used for the analysis. in addition to providing an opportunity to study sense of community, a student sample is interesting in its own right, as students are often a component of essential but at times uneasy relations between universities and towns. analysis is based on the application of an ordered probit model with a spatial lag. the results provide evidence that t-community membership can influence sense of community.
11. title: growing unequal? changes in the distribution of earnings across canadian cities
authors: kenyon bolton; s�bastien breau
abstract: this paper investigates changes in the distribution of earnings across 87 metropolitan areas in canada. it does so using micro data taken from the 20 per cent long-form sample of the census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. results point to overall increases in urban inequality and to greater heterogeneity in inequality across the urban hierarchy, with larger cities growing particularly unequal over time. cross-sectional and panel regression models suggest that city size, unemployment, deindustrialisation and the percentage of a city�s population composed of visible minorities contribute to increased inequality. in contrast, a city�s level of economic development has a mitigating effect on inequality, although this effect appears to fade away over time. the effects of changes in a city�s age, education and gender profiles on inequality are mixed.
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12. title: houses in motion: the experience of place and the problem of belief in urban malasia
authors: sandra smeltzer
abstract: the article reviews the book houses in motion: the experience of place and the problem of belief in urban malasia by sandra smeltzer.
13. title: circular migration in zimbabwe and contemporary sub-saharan africa
authors: loren b. landau
abstract: the article reviews the book �circular migration in zimbabwe and contemporary sub-saharan africa� by loren b. landau.
14. title: a seventh man
authors: anna cieslik
abstract: the article reviews the book �a seventh man� by anna cieslik.
15. title: towers of capital: office markets & international financial services
authors: patrick lecomte
abstract:
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