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��ࡱ�>�� vx����u��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������'` �r�x6bjbj{p{p2t::x.���������������::::\��`�������� ��_�_�_�_�_�_�_$ahvcv�_�}��}}�_�����_}*�����_}�_���� pb�2���:��_�_0`�c�:�cbh�c�c]8�����b;����_�_� ���`}}}}����� ����� ������������� research policy volume 39, issue 3, apr. 2010 1. title: experimental methods in innovation research authors: flemming s�rensen, jan mattsson, jon sundbo abstract: this paper discusses the possible applications of different types of experiment methods in innovation research. the paper argues that the experiment as a research method has been a largely missed opportunity in innovation research, in particular for creating applicable knowledge for businesses and organisations in the shape of new innovation tools and methods. the paper applies an analytically based limitation of the experiment method which includes an array of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. the use of experiments for such purposes is illustrated through a comparative study of four experiments concerning open innovation in service businesses and organisations. the case studies show how different experiment methods provide new opportunities for innovation research and how they can create new and applicable knowledge about open innovation. thus the paper argues for applying experiments as an addition to other research methods in innovation research. 2. title: technological regimes and the variety of innovation behaviour: creating integrated taxonomies of firms and sectors authors: michael peneder abstract: this paper presents an integrated set of innovation taxonomies for firms and sectors. it discards the practice of representing industries by some average behaviour, instead characterising them by the distribution of diverse innovation modes at the firm level. the theoretical focus is on (i) schumpeter's distinction between �creative� and �adaptive response�, and (ii) differences regarding technological opportunities, appropriability conditions and the cumulativeness of knowledge. applying statistical cluster analysis, the empirical identification is based on the micro-data of the community innovation survey (cis) for 22 european countries. the final cluster validation highlights the simultaneous diversity and contingency of firm behaviour with distinct technological regimes exhibiting systematic differences in the distribution of heterogenous firms. 3. title: human capital, r&d, trade, and long-run productivity. testing the technological absorption hypothesis for the portuguese economy, 1960�2001 authors: aurora a.c. teixeira, nat�rcia fortuna abstract: an important characteristic of the role of foreign trade in the technological catch-up of countries is the complementary nature with technological change, human capital development and local r&d efforts. using cointegration techniques, evidence based on portuguese long-run growth suggests that by investing in certain capacity-building activities, namely human capital and local r&d efforts, countries can improve their ability to identify, value, assimilate, and apply (or exploit) knowledge that is developed in other (more developed) countries. although human capital has a stronger direct impact on total factor productivity than internal r&d efforts, the latter's indirect impact, by means of machinery and equipment imports, is tremendous. trade also emerges as a powerful direct contributor to long-term total factor productivity, especially in its embodied form, through the acquisition of advanced machinery and equipment from more developed countries. the (smaller) productivity enhancing effect of licenses and fdi seems to be strongly dependent on institutional circumstances, namely those related to human capital investments and incentives. 4. title: applying open innovation in business strategies: evidence from finnish software firms authors: elad harison, heli koski abstract: our study aims at shedding light on the innovative business strategies in the software sector and understanding better the economics that underlies the supply of open source software (oss). we use survey data collected from 170 finnish software companies to investigate how different properties of software firms, such as size, age, intellectual capital, absorptive capacity, and ownership structure affect their decisions to base their business strategies on oss supply or proprietary distribution of products and services. our empirical findings indicate that the adoption of technologically advanced strategies requiring complex legal and managerial knowledge, such as the oss supply strategy, demands relatively highly educated employees. the support for and development of an education system providing highly skilled people from different fields are essential for the firms� successful adoption of innovative business strategies. we also find that market entrants have largely driven the oss adoption, but there are no significant age-related differences in the adoption behavior of incumbent software firms. 5. title: close, but not the same: locally headquartered organizations and agglomeration economies in a declining industry authors: pino g. audia, christopher i. rider abstract: departing from research on expanding, high-technology industries, we study the impact of agglomeration in a declining, low-technology industry. the setting is u.s. footwear manufacturing between 1975 and 1991, when import competition rendered local support critical for survival. we examine how agglomeration-related survival benefits depended upon the presence of locally headquartered manufacturing plants and whether such benefits came at the expense of other local industries. consistent with ecological arguments, plant failure rates were higher in agglomerations but this effect was attenuated and, in some cases, reversed in agglomerations with more locally headquartered plants. moreover, only locally headquartered plants experienced such benefits; remotely headquartered plants failed at higher rates in agglomerations. although more footwear manufacturing jobs were retained in agglomerations with many locally headquartered plants, such locales also exhibited lower manufacturing job growth in other industries. these findings lend greater generalizability to agglomeration theories and also imply trade-offs at the community level. 6. title: brokerage in sme networks authors: yvonne kirkels, geert duysters abstract: this study focuses on sme networks of design and high-tech companies in southeast netherlands. by highlighting the personal networks of members across design and high-tech industries, the study attempts to identify the main brokers in this dynamic environment. in addition, we investigate whether specific characteristics are associated with these brokers. the main contribution of the paper lies in the fact that, in contrast to most other work, it is of a quantitative nature and focuses on brokers identified in an actual network. studying the phenomenon of brokerage provides us with clear insights into the concept of brokerage regarding sme networks in different fields. in particular we highlight how third parties contribute to the transfer and development of knowledge. empirical results show, among others, that the most influential brokers are found in the non-profit and science sector and have a long track record in their branch. 7. title: the dynamics of r&d network in the it industry authors: nobuyuki hanaki, ryo nakajima, yoshiaki ogura abstract: in this paper, we provide an empirical analysis of evolving networks of successful r&d collaborations in the it industry (consisting of firms that obtained patents in the technological category of computers and communication) in the u.s. between 1985 and 1995. we first show that the r&d network has become more extensive, more clustered, and more unequal in the sense that �stars� have emerged in the network. we then analyze the effect of the existing network structure in the process of new r&d collaboration formation. we control for unobserved similarities among firms based on the community structures within the network that the algorithm developed by  hyperlink "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=articleurl&_udi=b6v77-4y9v87b-1&_user=1553430&_coverdate=04/30/2010&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(#toc#5835#2010#999609996#1796699#fla#display#volume)&_cdi=5835&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=11&_acct=c000053663&_version=1&_urlversion=0&_userid=1553430&md5=d895a0e00d28ef727e515572dba2a0fc" \l "bib16#bib16" girvan and newman (2004) identifies and find a significant cyclic closure and preferential-attachment effect. 8. title: antecedents of cooperative commercialisation strategies of nanotechnology firms authors: marina fiedler, isabell m. welpe abstract: we examine the antecedents for cooperative behaviour in the commercialisation of nanotechnology for both small/medium and large firms. for small and medium firms (smes) our results confirm the influence of complementary assets and transaction costs, but surprisingly do not support any influence of intellectual property rights protection on cooperative behaviour. for large firms the results show a negative relationship for both intellectual property rights protection and ownership of complementary resources with cooperative behaviour. overall, collaboration-based commercialisation in nanotechnology for both small/medium as well as large firms seems to follow antecedents previously identified in earlier studies. in addition, we find that in the current stage of the nanotechnology commercialisation environment, intellectual property rights protection for small/medium-sized enterprises is associated with the acquisition of other firms. 9. title: commodification of science and the production of public goods: plant protection research in kazakhstan authors: kazbek toleubayev, kees jansen, arnold van huis abstract: the fall of the soviet union ushered in a process of commodification of science and raised new questions about the production of public goods. this paper examines the dramatic impact of post-soviet changes on the organization and content of research on plant protection in kazakhstan. it describes how a passive restructuring dismantled much of the research and extension infrastructure in kazakhstan and how earlier ecological perspectives on pest control, often not recognized in the western literature, were abandoned and replaced by short-term strategies based on imported technologies, basically pesticides. this study of the transformation of scientific research in the transition from communism to capitalism provides an opportunity to reflect on the public good characteristics of plant protection research. the analysis shows that the current commodification process and short-termism in plant protection research are incompatible with ecologically sustainable pest control approaches. 10. title: a taste for science? phd scientists� academic orientation and self-selection intoresearch careers in industry authors: michael roach, henry sauermann abstract: recent research on industrial and academic science draws on the notion that academically trained scientists have a strong �taste for science�. however, little attention has been paid to potential heterogeneity in researchers� taste for science and to potential selection effects into careers in industry versus academia. using survey data from over 400 science and engineering phd students, we examine the extent to which phd students� taste for science (e.g., desire for independence, publishing, peer recognition, and interest in basic research) and other individual characteristics predict preferences for research careers in industry versus academia. our results suggest that phd students who prefer industrial employment show a weaker �taste for science�, a greater concern for salary and access to resources, and a stronger interest in downstream work compared to phd students who prefer an academic career. our findings have important implications for innovation research as well as for managers and policy makers. !"$'( -./1:ghr��ƶ�ƶƶ���ph[m?2?h�$u5�ojqj^jo(h�mph�?�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj h5�cjojqj^jajo( h 2e5�cjojqj^jajo( h�`�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�mph�`�5�cjojqj^jaj*h�mph�`�0j5�cjojqj\�^jaj./0g�w x �  wx?��/qh��3����������������������-d1$m� ����gd�_- -dm� ����gd�_-gd�_- -dm� ����gd�?�gdu<�gd�"�$a$gd�"�x6�rs]^gop���w x y { � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 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