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��ࡱ�>�� r��bjbj��2��}�}�o ��8/t�$��ol��3o5o5o5o5o5o5o$dq��s8yo9��yo��4�o��3o��3o��k9 ��j�o�o0�o�t:t��/t��kx��yoyoa��o��t��: world development volume 160, issue 12, december 2022 1. title: the long-term effects of genocide on antisocial preferences authors: lata gangadharan, asad islam, chandarany ouch, liang choon wang abstract: we conduct an artefactual field experiment to examine the long-term effects of exposure to violence due to the cambodian genocide (1975�1979), during childhood and adolescence, on individuals� antisocial behaviors. since antisocial behavior can co-exist with other preferences, we also investigate the effect of this exposure on prosocial and risk-taking behaviors. we find that as district-level mortality rates increase, individuals who directly experienced violence during the genocide period exhibit greater antisocial and risk-taking behaviors decades later. these effects are relatively muted among individuals who did not directly experience genocidal violence. the results imply significant long-term effects on antisocial and risk preferences in association with direct exposure to genocidal violence. 2. title: governance for global integration: designing structure and authority in international advocacy ngos authors: alnoor ebrahim, l. david brown, srilatha batliwala abstract: we examine the design of governance in international nongovernmental organizations (ingos) engaged in global advocacy. a central governance challenge facing ingos is how to integrate their global advocacy efforts across diverse country units and memberships, in the face of limited authority and weak ownership over those units. through a qualitative multi-case study of ten organizations, we analyze governance reforms intended to enhance global integration. we identify and discuss: a) four distinct governance structures for enabling more coherent global decision making (federation, confederation, network, constituency backbone); b) various mechanisms of formal and informal authority employed by headquarters in order to integrate the diverse interests and actions of their units; and, c) decision rights allocated to units or members to secure commitment to global goals. we synthesize these findings to offer a contingency perspective on designing governance for global integration. we hope this research will not only help to advance scholarship on governance in complex global organizations, but will also be useful to the leadership and boards of international organizations in strengthening the collective voice of their diverse constituencies. 3. title: the economic efficiency of aid targeting authors: ariel benyishay, matthew dilorenzo, carrie dolan abstract: how efficient is the targeting of foreign aid to populations in need? a long literature has focused on the impacts of foreign aid, but much rarer are studies that examine how such aid is allocated within countries. we examine the extent to which donors efficiently respond to exogenous budget shocks by shifting resources toward needier districts within a given country, as predicted by theory. we use recently geocoded data on the world bank�s aid in 23 countries that crossed the lower-middle income threshold between 1995 and 2010 and thus experienced sharp aid reductions. we measure locations� need along a number of dimensions, including nighttime lights emissions, population density, conflict exposure, and child mortality. we find little evidence that aid project siting is increasingly concentrated in worse-off areas as budgets shrink; the only exception appears to be a growing share of funding in more conflict-affected areas. we further analyze the relationship of health aid to child mortality measures in six key countries, again finding little evidence of efficient responses to budget shocks. taken together, these results suggest that large efficiency gains may be possible in the distribution of aid from the world bank and other donors. 4. title: examining the transfer of knowledge and training to smallholders in india: direct and spillover effects of agricultural advisory services in an emerging economy authors: deepak varshney, pramod k. joshi, anjani kumar, ashok k. mishra, shantanu kumar dubey abstract: we evaluate a large-scale model of agricultural advisory services, known as krishi vigyan kendra (kvk) or farm science centers, introduced by the government of india to facilitate smallholder adoption of new agricultural technologies. the study first evaluates the impact of frontline demonstrations and capacity-building programs conducted by kvks and aimed at promoting a new wheat variety (hd-2967); it then examines gains in the speed of diffusion at the district level. the study�s second objective is to estimate the spillover effects of kvks through social networks. the study identifies network beneficiaries based on a �networks within sample� approach. the study uses a matched difference-in-differences approach and sample of 1496 wheat farmers in uttar pradesh, india. the finding shows that frontline demonstrations and capacity-building programs positively impact the adoption of hd-2967. the magnitude of the impacts is larger for kvk beneficiaries, but substantial gains also arise for network beneficiaries. the study underscores the importance of frequently conducting interventions to influence adoption on aggregate at the district level. from a policy perspective, the study offers new insights for strengthening outreach and extension services designed to facilitate the transfer of agricultural knowledge and information, emphasizing frontline demonstrations, capacity-building programs, and spillovers in extending the scope of kvks. 5. title: temperature and risk of diarrhoea among children in sub-saharan africa authors: matthias fl�ckiger, markus ludwig abstract: we assess the effects of temperature on the risk of diarrhoea, one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among children under 5. our analysis focuses on sub-saharan africa, the continent where temperatures have been rising at twice the global rate and diarrhoea prevalence rates are highest. drawing on child-level survey data and exploiting quasi-random variation in temperature realisations around the date of interview, we show that temperature strongly influences diarrhoea incidence as well as prevalence of wasting (low weight-for-height ratios). using binned regressions, we document that the effects are particularly strong in the temperature range 30�37.5 �c. we further find that access to improved sanitation and drinking water facilities mitigates these temperature-induces risks. this implies that building up such capacities is a particularly pressing issue in regions that will experience strong increases in temperatures and lack adequate access to sanitation and safe water. we use our estimates together with climate projections to identify these areas. 6. title: armed conflict, institutions and deforestation: a dynamic spatiotemporal analysis of colombia 2000�2018 authors: tatiana cantillo, nestor garza abstract: this paper assesses the impact of the colombian internal armed conflict on local development processes and deforestation during 2000�2018. the paper develops a theoretical framework of the deforestation process, as determined by the spatiotemporal patterns of socio-economic and conflict related variables. these determinants are examined using a system of spatial dynamic panels by land-use activity, and emphasizing interactions and spatiotemporal lags. the theoretical approach is innovative and applicable to other cases where political, economic and ideological interests interact in deforestation processes. in addition, the methodological structure of our spatial panels allows us to determine the effect of armed conflict agents� and socio-economic structures, combined and in isolation. our results formally verify that different armed actors� strategies and ideologies, determine different and contrasting spatiotemporal patterns of deforestation/conservation, in the context of structural socio-economic determinants in colombia. we argue about the need of context-specific modelling in any microeconomic or agent-based analysis of deforestation. 7. title: organizational, economic or cultural? firm-side barriers to employing women in saudi arabia authors: claudia eger, thiemo fetzer, jennifer peck, saleh alodayni abstract: all-male firms are common around the world, particularly in the middle east, north africa, and south asia, where local norms often favor gender segregation. the integration of women into these previously all-male firms is an important driver of growth in economic opportunity for women. however, the determinants of firm integration decisions are complex and engage a broad set of issues including leadership priorities and beliefs, physical workspace constraints, organizational structure, regulatory compliance, and labor costs. we systematically analyze the results of a survey of firm owners and hiring managers in saudi arabia on the barriers to integrating women into the workplace. we show that personal opinions and manager demographics are of core importance: the features that are best able to identify firms that employ women are the respondent�s perceptions of women�s personal qualities, the cultural appropriateness of professional tasks, and the respondent�s own demographic characteristics. other tangible costs or operational constraints to female hiring are second-order in a statistical sense. firms that employ women are much more likely to view female employees favorably, and this seems to be the result of experience with women in the workplace rather than a manager�s broad attitude toward employing women. 8. title: urban wild meat markets in cameroon: actors and motives authors: shannon g. randolph, daniel j. ingram, lisa m. curran, james holland jones, william h. durham abstract: wild meat (called �bushmeat� or �viande de brousse� in central africa) embodies a centuries-old livelihood and cultural exchange system that continues to play an important role in informal urban economies. from earlier studies, we know that selling the meat from wild animals provides a vital source of income to people in both rural and urban areas. yet, little is known about the actors involved in wild meat markets, their entry to the informal market economy, or their motivations. using the wild meat trade in two urban areas in cameroon as case studies, we address why people choose to sell wild meat as an alternative to selling legal commodities and investigate whether urban wild meat traders rely upon particular ethno-linguistic or other ties to generate a network of buyers. we collected qualitative data through interviews in ten wild meat markets in yaound� and abong mbang and conducted long-term participant observations in markets and along urban trading routes in yaound�. our data also include quantitative sales and profit data in the primary market of yaound�. we found that women comprised 74% of wild meat market vendors (45 of 54) in all the markets we studied. the majority of traders (85%), meat cleaners (89%), and vendors (95%) within the primary market originated from forest-based southern cameroonian ethnic groups. livelihood benefits, ethnic ties, and poor formal economic options drove the choice to pursue this particular trade. our study highlights the role that improved access to employment and education for women and girls could play in reducing the drive to join the urban wild meat trade. this study also highlights the need to engage the expertise of wild meat market actors, and traders, in particular, in testing and revising wild meat management practices and policies. 9. title: beyond a generalized deagrarianization: livelihood heterogeneity and its determinants in the mixteca alta, mexico authors: carlos dobler-morales, matthew lorenzen, quetzalc�atl orozco-ram�rez, gerardo bocco abstract: in recent decades, rural livelihoods across the global south have increasingly turned away from farming. this process of �deagrarianization� is frequently seen as a uniform reaction to pervasive institutional and economic pressures against small-scale farming. evidence at local scales, however, shows that households tend to adjust heterogeneously to such pressures, which challenges assumptions of uniform obstacles and/or motivations shaping deagrarianization. studying this heterogeneity in livelihood adjustments and their drivers represents a key first step towards understanding the varying implications in terms of welfare and vulnerability for rural households. to that end, this paper investigates the manifestations and determinants of livelihood heterogeneity in the mixteca alta, a region in southern mexico whose economy has shifted drastically away from agriculture over recent decades. drawing on cluster analysis and machine learning applied to survey and secondary data, we show that this economic shift has actually unfolded in contrasting ways across households, with some diversifying across both agricultural and non-agricultural activities and others specializing in non-agricultural occupations. much of this differentiation in livelihood strategies rests upon an unequal distribution of assets like land, education, and financial capital interacting with an uneven economic context in terms of road accessibility and aggregate poverty. by revealing the underlying conditions that enable and restrict occupational opportunities across households, our study emphasizes the need to move beyond one-size-fits-all interventions to enhance livelihood security in rural spaces. 10. title: governance through community policing: what makes citizens report poaching of wildlife to state officials? authors: martin sj�stedt, aksel sundstr�m, sverker c. jagers, herbert ntuli abstract: conservation rules � e.g. protected area regulations that aim to reduce wildlife poaching � often have an inherent challenge: while relying on that locals should share intelligence about observed crime to authorities, such rules tend to be weakly supported by these communities. enforcement officials of conservation authorities (such as rangers) are seldom trusted, and this in turn raises doubts about whether locals will provide sufficient information about conservation crime, which is not the least needed in all those settings where a small number of rangers are tasked to monitor vast areas. the case of wildlife poaching in african countries illustrates this tension, where rangers are few, sometimes have a dubious record, and where offenders often are on good terms with locals. this article asks: why do some locals choose to assist rangers and report on poachers, while others refrain from doing so? we conducted a survey in the years 2017�2018 directed towards 2300 residents in and near the great limpopo transfrontier park in mozambique, south africa, and zimbabwe, where a major challenge is both subsistence and commercial forms of poaching. our focus was primarily on subsistent poaching. we also conducted in-depth interviews with rangers and park officials to corroborate that our quantitative insights point to the same description of the situation. our survey demonstrates that people that are afraid of rangers and perceive them as corruptible are less willing to assist in information-sharing. seeing poaching as condemnable increases people�s propensity to report on illegal activities. in contrast, individuals� stakes in conservation and perceptions of wildlife as threatened do not predict our outcome. our findings suggest that to achieve a more thorough involvement of locals in the enforcement of conservation laws, policy needs to change how communities perceive both officials and rules. 11. title: statistical disclosure and economic growth: what is the nexus? authors: reynaldo senra hodelin abstract: although the benefits of information for the quality of economic decisions have been highlighted by numerous theoretical studies, only a few empirical studies have investigated the relevance of statistics for the economy. it is particularly surprising that no previous empirical study has researched the existence of a causal link running from statistical disclosure to long-run economic growth. our research investigates the existence of this nexus in a panel of 105 countries. we applied methodologies for non-stationary panel data in order to assess the long-run causality. we found that data availability was causing long-run economic growth in all income level groups but in the high income one. however, the higher certainty about a positive causality was found in middle income nations. this is true because bidirectional causality was found in poor nations, where it is possible that statistical production demand more resources than it may generate by boosting economic growth. with regard to short-run causality, it was only found in middle income nations. finally, we find that the publication of the indicators in the world bank�s world development indicators database is in fact relevant for economic growth. 12. title: from �prison� to �paradise�? seeking freedom at the rainforest frontier through urban�rural migration authors: mariana piva da silva, james a. fraser, luke parry abstract: the lives of the urban poor in the majority world are unfree: blighted by social injustice in its manifold forms, from violence and ill-health to absent economic opportunities. we explore the pursuit of freedom through migration away from the metropole to ramais (colonisation tracks) at the rainforest frontier. drawing on a case study in brazilian amazonia, we reveal urban-rural migration as a frontier dynamic driven by the search for a good life. we theorize freedom and the good life using the capabilities approach, starting from the observation that people in the ramais reported feeling better, and asking why that is. we find that frontiers provide a safer environment, which fosters individual and collective capabilities. a lower risk of violence reduces fears around bodily integrity, pervasive in latin american cities. this safety fosters freedom and dignity by reducing worries and anxieties, leading to improvements in emotional well-being. we understand this increased sense of freedom as enhanced agency, that is, empowerment. in addition to new forms of political activity and subjectivity, we report a flourishing of senses, imagination and affiliation with others. inequalities are reduced, positively influencing dignity and self-worth. these new freedoms are threatened by lack of rights provisioning by the state, however. we recommend that the brazilian state should address social and environmental dimensions of these new forest frontiers. the state should recognize and support these settlements as valid forms of development, because they so clearly contribute to human wellbeing and flourishing. the state should guide and assist livelihood and landscape management toward more ecological approaches such as agroecology and agroforestry, to mitigate deforestation risks typical of forest frontiers. 13. title: vote-buying, anti-corruption campaigns, and identity in african elections authors: kristen kao, ellen lust, lise rakner abstract: the literature on democracies in the developing world paints a picture of rampant vote buying. a growing research field has shed light on how politicians decide whom to target, how individuals view vote buying, and the consequences of such practices. yet, most research compares support for candidates offering handouts to those who do not. it fails to explore how offering handouts compares to other campaign strategies � promising future targeted goods or community goods, explicitly eschewing vote buying campaign tactics, or garnering support based on ethnic or local social ties. in this study, we employ a conjoint experiment fielded in malawi (n = 1,166) to examine the relative power of vote buying versus other campaign tactics. our experimental results reveal that respondents view candidates who promise community service provision or criticize vote buying more positively than those who offer handouts. we also find that the magnitude of the effects for community service provision and anti-vote buying campaigns are greater than that of platforms associated with coethnicity and local social ties. these findings are both substantively and theoretically important. policymakers and practitioners engaged in voter education efforts may counter vote buying by informing candidates of the potential electoral benefits to championing anti-vote buying platforms and providing community services. likewise, scholars can better understand elections, representation and democracy by further exploring how different types of voters respond to various campaign appeals in africa. 14. title: aspirational hope, dairy farming practices, and milk production: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in bolivia authors: francesco cecchi, adriana garcia, robert lensink, bruce wydick abstract: development economics has increasingly studied the role of diminished aspirations and other internal constraints that may form poverty traps. we present results from a controlled experiment to develop aspirational hope among 531 dairy farmers in bolivia. subjects in the treatment group participated in three coaching sessions that involved watching an inspiring documentary and participating in group workshops designed to augment aspirations related to dairy production. results three months after baseline show an increase of 0.20� in both an aspirational hope index and a business goals index, a 1.07� increase in an index of quality-enhancing practices, but an insignificant increase in milk production. increases in aspirations and best practices were strongest among those displaying high levels of intrinsic motivation at baseline. 15. title: conflicts between core purposes: trade-offs associated with organizational shifts in mexican community forest enterprises authors: gretchen engbring, reem hajjar abstract: community forest enterprises (cfes) have been promoted globally in conservation and rural development initiatives. cfes, which are considered social firms, commercialize various forest products and services to provide income, employment, public goods, and services. however, as with other social firms, cfes may experience a tension between generating revenue and fulfilling their social mission. we explored this tension through a qualitative case study that examined the organizational choices of four cfes in oaxaca, mexico, including the processes and practices they adopted that prioritized their social mission or more profit-oriented aims, and the way they navigated the tensions between their social and financial goals. interviews revealed that the different organizational features of cfes, including leadership structures, decision-making processes, enterprise locations, and benefit-distribution schemes, often elevated cfes� social mission or more profit-oriented aims, typically at the cost of the other. with some exceptions, we found that the organizational processes and practices cfes adopted to generate more revenue often negatively impacted trust, transparency, and participation. we build on scholarship that has documented tensions between historical communal governance and enterprise management in mexico by demonstrating how communities are modifying their organizational structures in ways that blur the lines between traditional governance and enterprise management and, in some cases, in ways that mitigate trade-offs. better understanding organization and associated trade-offs may allow cfes�or other stakeholders interested in their proliferation and success�to make more transparent and deliberate decisions and avoid or adapt to undesirable outcomes and unanticipated consequences. as cfes are promoted and replicated globally, our study is an important step in understanding the perverse outcomes and unintended feedbacks that arise from enterprise organization and illustrates the tension between social and financial performance in cfes. 16. title: going subnational: wage differentials across levels of government in brazil, mexico, and uruguay authors: maria josefina baez, pablo brassiolo, ricardo estrada, gustavo fajardo abstract: workers at subnational governments play a prominent role in the delivery of public services in most countries. yet, information about their remuneration is scarce. using data for brazil, mexico and uruguay, we document that national government employees earn on average higher wages than observationally similar subnational employees; consequently, public�private sector wage gaps vary significantly by level of government. then we use individual fixed-effects to estimate the wage premium to public sector employment (the wage gap net of selection effects) for brazil and mexico. we find that (i) both national and subnational public employees receive a significant wage premium with respect to private sector employment; and (ii) the difference between the national and subnational wage premiums is small in brazil and null in mexico. 17. title: conceptualisations of wellbeing and quality of life: a systematic review of participatory studies authors: kate sollis, mandy yap, paul campbell, nicholas biddle abstract: there is a growing movement across the world to make better use of wellbeing measures to guide policy. this stems from the realisation that reliance on economic indicators, such as income, gdp, and unemployment, may not be adequately capturing the aspects of life that people value. but how should we be measuring wellbeing or quality of life? a mounting body of research over the past two decades has highlighted the value of participatory wellbeing frameworks, which are created by working with the population of interest and asking the question �what does wellbeing mean for you?�. however, up to now there is very little consolidated understanding of the work conducted in this space. this systematic review seeks to fill this gap, identifying 130 participatory wellbeing studies which span every region of the world and all life stages. the review identifies a wide range of theories, methods, and participatory techniques that have been utilised to develop participatory wellbeing frameworks which can be replicated for similar studies going forward. by thematically analysing understandings of wellbeing into 30 overarching areas, the findings show that communities and population groups throughout the world have wide-ranging and diverse conceptualisations of wellbeing. in sum, we highlight that while there are some similarities in what wellbeing means to people from different population groups, nuances exist within every group. given this diverse understanding of wellbeing throughout the world, it is vital that research, policy and development initiatives take this into account. doing so will help support policy and programs to address the aspects of life that are important to individuals, and subsequently improve the lives of people throughout the world in a more meaningful way. 18. title: limiting aggressive policing can reduce police and civilian violence authors: jessie trudeau abstract: governments in the americas rely on aggressive policing tactics to fight crime, despite scant evidence of impact. while recent studies depict militarized policing as a driver of violence, few governments have reconsidered their use of it. what impact does a restriction on aggressive policing have on violence, and why? this paper examines limits on police use of force and how they can be implemented to reduce both police and civilian violence. i argue that reforms that require internal, non-police oversight can be effective institutional constraints, minimizing police violence. in settings where organized crime is widespread, these limits can have spillover effects and further decrease civilian violence by (1) slowing the territorial diffusion of criminal conflict and (2) making conflict more predictable. i test these claims by examining an abrupt limit on police raids in rio de janeiro, brazil. i find that limiting raids � militarized police strikes targeting criminal gangs and communities under their control � led to a 66% decrease in police killings and a 58% decrease in homicides. the effects were concentrated in police precincts where rival criminal groups are in close proximity. $%&(01345679��ʹʨ�ʅ�vgvb:-h�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h�9j5�cjojqj^jajo(h '�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�(dh�(d5�cjojqj^jaj h '�5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo( h�(d5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h '�h 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