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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�,�bjbj�n�n2��a��a� ��""��8��$�rl��q�q�q�q�q�q�q$�s�6v<�q��q��4�q��q��q��pў�w��4�q�q0r�rv/lrv��"0rv��m��q�q{6��r��rv��"qs: world development volume 178, issue 6, june 2024 1. title: the geopolitical strategy of refugee camps authors: kara ross camarena abstract: when developing countries are faced with a refugee crisis, their policy selection simultaneously invites humanitarian aid into the country, addresses domestic political interests associated with inviting outsiders in, and creates potential space for a neighboring country�s rebel group to exploit refugees fleeing a civil war. inviting humanitarian aid into a developing country might at first glance seem like a welfare-improving decision. however, this choice involves delegation with foreseeable consequences. international humanitarian groups will organize refugees and the provision of aid efficiently, which armed actors can exploit. delegating international protection in a way that appeases domestic constituents and does not alter interstate relationships, may prove impossible. this article shows that strategic refugee policy involves asylum countries carefully balancing demands of domestic constituents against efficient provision of aid and the provocation of armed actors across an international border. the research offers an alternative explanation for refugee policy that relies on neither illiberal intentions toward refugees nor the incapacity of countries to control their territory. refugee policy outcomes are the product of strategic balancing between domestic demands and foreign policy interests. in the analytic narrative tradition, the claims of this article are based on a series of case studies. the theory and its implications, though, provide insight into refugee policy selection across the developing world. 2. title: decentralization, social connections and primary health care: evidence from kenya authors: josephine g. gatua abstract: this research estimates the role of social connections in primary health care provision and their impact on health-related behavior. the study employs novel survey data from kenya, combining information on households and community health workers (chws). the results show that social connections strongly influence the provision of health care: being a relative or close friend to a chw increases the probability that a household will receive a health-related visit by about 100 percent (compared to the sample mean). furthermore, socially connected households exhibit improved health-related behavior, largely attributable to the information they acquire during visits from chws. this evidence suggests the existence of nepotism in primary healthcare provision, and further demonstrates how beneficiaries of nepotism may experience improved health outcomes. at the same time, the study underscores that chws can deliver essential healthcare services, with the potential to enhance overall community health. in resource-constrained settings like kenya, and many african countries, targeting chws to those most in need may offer a promising avenue for achieving better health outcomes at a lower cost. however, such targeting will need to account for social connections. 3. title: health and economic growth: reconciling the micro and macro evidence authors: david e. bloom, david canning, rainer kotschy, klaus prettner, johannes sch�nemann abstract: economists use micro-based and macro-based approaches to assess the macroeconomic return to population health. the macro-based approach tends to yield estimates that are either negative and close to zero or positive and an order of magnitude larger than the range of estimates derived from the micro-based approach. this presents a micro-macro puzzle regarding the macroeconomic return to health. we reconcile the two approaches by controlling for the indirect effects of health on income per capita, which macro-based approaches usually include but micro-based approaches deliberately omit when isolating the direct income effects of health. our results show that the macroeconomic return to health lies in the range of plausible microeconomic estimates, demonstrating that both approaches are in fact consistent with one another. 4. title: money backfires: how chinese investment fuels anti-china protests abroad authors: do young gong, sanghoon kim-leffingwell, shuyuan shen, yujeong yang abstract: china has been expanding its global economic presence through foreign direct investment, foreign aid, and trade. china�s growing economic influence, however, is inviting worries and suspicion in many countries, leading to the rise of anti-china protests. how and when does china�s economic expansion promote anti-china protests? we explore this question by examining the effect of chinese fdi on the rise of anti-china protests across 127 countries. first, we argue that chinese fdi promotes anti-china protests, but the effects are contingent on the level of political competition. we find that the effect of chinese fdi on anti-china protests is particularly stronger in countries where citizens have limited institutional routes to express their grievances and pursue policy alternatives through political competition. second, we find that the pattern of increasing anti-china protests does not appear in the context of chinese foreign aid or trade with china. the finding that chinese fdi backfires and incites anti-china protests has profound implications for our understanding of china�s global economic influence and its limits. 5. title: environmental peacebuilding: moving beyond resolving violence-ridden conflicts to sustaining peace authors: udi sommer, francesca fassbender abstract: the literature on environmental peacebuilding (ep) is focused on overcoming or preventing violent conflict using environmental collaboration (ec), typically on common environmental issues between two or more parties. when environmental peacebuilding focuses on international conflicts, parties involved are mostly neighboring states. in this article, we examine whether the concept of environmental peacebuilding can be used in contexts where violence is not a major issue, and for other purposes such as to sustain a peace agreement and reduce the existential threat of climate change. another contribution to extant literature is the analysis of ep between states with no contiguous borders, which is critical around issues of climate change and international cooperation on it. we include the concept of �climate resilient peace� into our framework, highlighting the importance of climate resilience for nations and communities as a foundation for promoting lasting peace. ec between israel and the united arab emirates serves as our empirical test. through expert interviews and media analyses, we researched the multifaceted value of ec. such ec, we believe, has the potential to lead to symbolic rapprochement between states, the reduction of climate risks, and can ultimately move to substantial integration. substantial integration being the coordination and interdependence with tangible international institutional and trans-societal links. acknowledging each other as mutually beneficial partners allows the seizing of environmental, political, and social spillovers from ec. ultimately, it increases satisfaction with the peace agreement. the israel-uae case demonstrates how ec can enhance regional stability and facilitate cooperation. this could be applied to other climate change-affected and conflict-torn regions, in the middle east, north africa, and beyond. 6. title: help with strings attached? china�s medical assistance and political allegiances during the covid-19 pandemic authors: angela tritto, hazwan haini, hongsen wu abstract: the covid-19 pandemic exposed all economies to a shortage of medical supplies alongside economic, institutional, and social challenges, prompting the chinese government to step up its efforts to aid countries in need. at the same time, china faced a series of condemnations of its domestic human rights situation. this paper examines chinese medical assistance and the relationship with recipient countries� position on key china-related human rights issues as a measure of political support. we find that support on human rights issues is significantly related to the receipt of chinese medical assistance in 2020 and of vaccines in 2021. countries that supported china in either of the two joint statements delivered at the un on hong kong and xinjiang received 125% and 174% more medical equipment and 205% and 166% more vaccine donations respectively, than those holding a contrary stance. vaccine trade presents an even stronger association with such measures. findings also show that political alignment and geographical proximity were more important in the first part of 2021, while these waned when the availability of new vaccines rose in the second half of the year. the association between covid-19 assistance and political support on human rights issues post-covid shows mixed results. countries receiving assistance either moved from a neutral stance into one of defense of china or voted in favor of the unhrc decision in 2022 to investigate human rights violations in xinjiang. this indicates that while there is an ongoing politicization of human rights issues, countries do not necessarily give in to pressures. in conclusion, these findings and further analysis support fundamental concerns that vaccine donations during the covid-19 pandemic have been mostly driven by geopolitics and not by the severity of the pandemic. 7. title: associations between women�s bargaining power and the adoption of rust-resistant wheat varieties in ethiopia authors: michael euler, moti jaleta, hom gartaula abstract: the dynamics in intra-household decision-making are often neglected in literature on the adoption of agricultural innovations. however, households� farm management decisions are often made following negotiations between female and male farmers. these may differ in terms of individual bargaining power and personal preferences. a better understanding of the links between gender roles in household decision-making and the adoption of technologies is postulated to enhance the uptake of innovations in smallholder farming systems. in this study, we use survey data from 1,088 wheat-producing households in ethiopia to analyze the links between women�s role in household decisions concerning crop production and the adoption and turnover rates of rust-resistant wheat varieties. we interviewed female and male respondents from the same households, but separately, which facilitated capturing individual perceptions and the intra-household dynamics in decision-making. to account for observed heterogeneity that may simultaneously determine the level of women�s agency and varietal adoption by households, we employed inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (ipwra). a positive association was found between women�s role in decision-making concerning choice of wheat seed and household adoption of rust-resistant wheat varieties and wheat varietal turnover. spouses may be in agreement or have different opinions regarding their decision-making roles. the disagreement scenario in which the wife claims to have a role in decision-making is associated with lower adoption rates of rust-resistant wheat varieties and less frequent testing of new varties in recent growing seasons, compared to a scenario where both spouses agree that wives do not have a role. we conclude that gender-disaggregated data and the examination of intra-household decision-making can offer novel and valuable insights for designing and implementing strategies to enhance the uptake of agricultural technologies among smallholders. the results emphasize the need to include complementary perspectives on the intra-household decision-making process. 8. title: perceptions of social class in africa. results from a conjoint experiment authors: frank-borge wietzke abstract: africa�s so-called �new middle classes� are receiving increasing attention. so far, much of this debate has been based on �objective� criteria like household income or asset wealth. this article follows an emerging literature that asks africans directly how they perceive class differences in their societies. in doing so we engage with the inherent multidimensionality of class experiences, which makes it harder for respondents to distinguish their own and others� class status and to determine which indicators should enter into a socially meaningful conceptualization of class. the article innovates by addressing these challenges with the help of a factorial or �conjoint� experiment. conjoint experiments are well suited for analyzing complex multidimensional phenomena like class because they allow researchers to distinguish the separate effects of individual treatment components on outcomes such as perceived class status. using primary survey data from kenya, we find that the shift to the experimental setting reduces respondents� problems to distinguish people�s class status, especially at the middle of the socio-economic ladder. the analysis also shows that income can serve as a useful proxy for subjective class. nonetheless, other non-monetary dimensions like assets, education, or employment type also enter with small but statistically significant effects. finally, we find that perceptions of �middle-classness� often overlap with relatively severe experiences of economic insecurity. this latter result suggests that western concepts of economically secure middle classes should not be uncritically applied to a lower-income region like africa. the results hold across a range of robustness and external validity tests using kenyan and multi-country afrobarometer survey data. 9. title: interactions between sustainable development goals at the district level in lao pdr authors: diana c. garcia rojas, jonas l. appelt, michael epprecht, sengchanh kounnavong, ... jasper van vliet abstract: monitoring the status and evolution of sustainable development goals (sdgs) is typically carried out at the national level. however, significant variation can exist within countries, and this may not be captured by aggregate statistics. here, we develop a unique dataset representing indicators for three sdgs at a district level for lao pdr. the indicators comprise prevalence of stunting (sdg 2, zero hunger), poverty headcount (sdg 1, no poverty), and share of natural area (sdg 15, life on land) for two moments in time: 2005 and 2015. in both years, we find considerable variation among district-level outcomes for stunting and poverty. we also find that higher stunting and poverty rates are significantly correlated with higher shares of natural land in both years. this is consistent with the common perception of a trade-off between environmental outcomes and socioeconomic wellbeing. the correlation vanishes, however, when we consider changes in poverty, stunting, and natural area over the ten-year study period. this holds as well when we focus on agricultural land instead of natural areas. we observe that most regions show improvements in both stunting and poverty, albeit not always in a statistically significant sense. this points to synergistic development. similarly, improvements in both indicators are associated with losses in natural areas in all regions, indicating a trade-off. these results suggest that both trade-offs and synergies between sdgs can arise at the district level, but that context and local conditions likely moderate the strength of these interactions. our results highlight the importance of quantifying and monitoring sustainable development at the detailed subnational level. 10. title: public support for participation in local development authors: katrin hofer, michael wicki, david kaufmann abstract: public participation in local development is an integral part of democratic agendas across the world. yet not much research specifically focuses on people�s perspectives of participation, especially among underprivileged populations. gaining a better understanding of people�s support for public participation is, however, important as it may inform people�s interest in future engagements with the state for local development. this paper contributes to the extensive interdisciplinary literature on public participation in local development by taking a people-centric view. drawing on an original face-to-face vignette survey experiment (n = 502) and group interviews in bramfischerville, a low-income residential area in johannesburg, we examine whether people generally support public participation in local development and explore how different design features of participatory processes inform public support for participation. overall, our mixed methods study reveals strong support for public participation, with higher support levels for more inclusive and interactive forms, meaning processes, which are open to all residents and where participants are invited to discuss priorities and needs. this, despite people�s awareness of the transaction costs of participation, such as time and energy. moreover, we find that people�s support for participation is influenced by their experiences and satisfaction with infrastructure provision. these findings underline the importance of understanding the specificities of the given socio-economic context and people�s everyday lived realities. it also draws attention to people�s relationship with the state, as the main provider of this infrastructure. therefore, a context-sensitive interpretation of people�s infrastructural preconditions and their relationship with the state are necessary to understand their attitudes towards participation and, more generally, for advancing participatory governance in the given context and beyond. 11. title: unveiling the effect of income inequality on safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (wash): does financial inclusion matter? authors: alex o. acheampong, eric evans osei opoku, godsway korku tetteh abstract: access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (wash) is crucial for disease prevention and improving general health outcomes. however, a significant number of people across the globe still lack access to safe drinking water and practice open defecation. therefore, evidence-based research is needed to guide policymakers in improving wash adoption and practice across the globe. in this study, we add to knowledge and policy by probing the role of income inequality and financial inclusion on access to improved wash facilities using a comprehensive panel dataset from 119 countries between 2004 and 2020. we used the heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable regression and the driscoll-kraay estimator to account for endogeneity and cross-sectional dependency inherent in panel data, respectively. our preferred endogeneity and cross-sectional dependency-corrected results show that income inequality reduces access to safe wash facilities. our study demonstrates that financial inclusion significantly increases access to safe wash facilities. income inequality and financial inclusion have heterogeneous effects on access to safe wash facilities across rural and urban settings, income groups, and geographical regions. through our interaction and marginal effect analysis, we document that improvement in financial inclusion reduces the adverse effect of income inequality on safe wash adoption and practices. these findings highlight that policies that strengthen financial inclusion services and further address income inequality would improve wash adoption and practices. considering the inhibiting and enhancing effects of income inequality and financial inclusion, respectively, governments could adopt social welfare policies to tackle the former and also put in measures to enhance financial development and inclusion to enhance the latter. 12. title: the robustness mechanism of the rural social-ecological system in response to the impact of urbanization��evidence from irrigation commons in china authors: yiqing su, xiaohan chen, yanyan li, yahua wang abstract: urbanization is essential for achieving rapid development. in this process, the labor outmigration from rural areas to cities caused by urbanization has diversified the impacts on the robustness of the rural social-ecological system. however, existing research has rarely discussed the internal mechanism of the response of the rural social-ecological system to the impact of urbanization. based on the coupled infrastructure systems framework, in this paper, the internal interactions of the rural social-ecological system responding to the impact of urbanization are discussed. an empirical test is conducted using survey data from 123 villages of 14 chinese provinces. focusing on the specific practice of china, this paper further discusses how the robustness of the rural social-ecological system can be ensured under external impact. the main conclusions are as follows: under the impact of urbanization, the internal interaction paths with which the rural social-ecological system maintains robustness at the operational level are not unique. these different internal interaction paths may not only make the rural social-ecological system automatically realize a virtuous and robust cycle under the impact of urbanization, they may also cause a gradual collapse of the rural social-ecological system. further, the discussion of china�s specific practice shows that it is key to provide institutional rules to guarantee the operational processes through the collective-choice process, thus ensuring the robustness of the rural social-ecological system under the impact of urbanization. the inspection of the interaction mechanisms in this study may obtain some restricted views on the general laws that may be contained in the complex interaction within the rural social-ecological system, and provide a theoretical basis developing countries can apply to realize rural revitalization when faced with the irreversible wave of urbanization. 13. title: women�s involvement in intra-household decision-making and infant and young child feeding practices in central asia authors: dilnovoz abdurazzakova, katrina kosec, ziyodullo parpiev abstract: this paper examines the relationship between women�s empowerment and infant and young child feeding practices in central asia using demographic and health survey datasets collected during 1995�2017. we employ a measure of women�s empowerment with three dimensions that is available for many recent surveys as well as a measure of decision-making power over use of one�s own income present for income-earning mothers in all surveys. we identify a positive association between a woman�s decision-making power�a measure of her instrumental agency�and adherence to world health organization�recommended feeding practices. we find little significant association between a woman�s attitude toward domestic violence, or her degree of social independence, and adherence to recommended feeding practices. our results further show that the association between women�s decision-making power and feeding practices varies little with child gender, whether or not she cohabitates with her mother-in-law, or household wealth. we thus provide evidence from central asia that policies and programs intended to empower women can improve child feeding practices, with similar benefits across a variety of household types. 14. title: beyond ostrom: randomized experiment of the impact of individualized tree rights on forest management in ethiopia authors: ryo takahashi, keijiro otsuka, mesfin tilahun, emiru birhane, stein holden abstract: we argue that while community forest management is effective in protecting forest resources, as argued by ostrom, such management may fail to provide the proper incentives to nurture such resources because the benefits of forest management are collectively shared. this study proposes a mixed private and community management system characterized by communal protection of community-owned forest areas and individual management of individually owned trees as a desirable arrangement for timber forest management in developing countries. by conducting a randomized experiment in ethiopia, we found that the mixed management system significantly stimulated intensive forest management activities, including pruning, guarding, and watering. furthermore, more timber trees and forest products were extracted from the treated areas, which are byproducts of tree management (e.g., thinned trees and pruned branches). in contrast, the extracted volumes of non-timber forest products unrelated to tree management (fodder and honey) did not change with the intervention. 15. title: spatial injustice to energy access in the shadow of hydropower in brazil authors: mar�a alejandra garc�a, adam mayer, igor cavallini johansen, maria claudia lopez, emilio f. moran abstract: hydroelectric dams generate adverse social and ecological consequences for communities in their vicinity, particularly those situated in rural areas, far from urban centers, and lacking significant political and economic influence. there is relatively little research on how hydroelectric projects change local energy services. in this study, we investigate whether jirau and santo ant�nio�two dams in the brazilian amazon�have impacted energy sources, access, and electricity prices for households in communities near the construction sites using survey data and geospatial analysis. we evaluate these changes' spatial and political determinants. our findings reveal that certain households still rely on diesel generators for their electricity. furthermore, we find that communities experienced spatial injustices in energy access. spatial and political factors explain differences in energy sources and access between households. households adversely affected by construction, particularly those in distant upstream and downstream communities, those who were not resettled, and those who did not engage directly in negotiations with dam builders, were less likely to experience improvements in energy access and sources. most of these households perceived that their energy prices increased after the construction. our study implies that hydroelectric dams do not consistently improve energy access in nearby communities and, in fact, contribute to the persistence of spatial injustices. 16. title: triple bottom line or trilemma? global tradeoffs between prosperity, inequality, and the environment authors: tong wu, juan c. rocha, kevin berry, tomas chaigneau, ... carl folke abstract: a key aim of sustainable development is the joint achievement of prosperity, equality, and environmental integrity: in other words, material living standards that are high, broadly-distributed, and low-impact. this has often been called the �triple bottom line�. but instead, what if there is a �trilemma� that inhibits the simultaneous achievement of these three goals? we analysed international patterns and trends in the relationships between per-capita gross national income, the gini coefficient for income distribution, and per-capita ecological footprint from 1995 to 2017, benchmarking them against thresholds from the existing literature. a �dynamic� analysis of the trajectories of 59 countries and a �static� analysis of a larger sample of 140 countries found that none met the triple bottom line, and that instead there were widespread tradeoffs among the three indicators. these tradeoffs, leading to divergent national trajectories and country clusters, show that common pair-wise explanations such as kuznets curves do not adequately capture important development dynamics. in particular, while only a few countries simultaneously met the thresholds for prosperity and equality on the one hand and equality and environment on the other, none did for prosperity and environment. moreover, inequality likely makes resolving this critical tradeoff more difficult. our findings suggest that mitigating the sustainability trilemma may require countries � especially those that are already prosperous � to prioritize economic redistribution and environmental stewardship over further growth. 17. title: does women's economic empowerment promote human development in low- and middle-income countries? a meta-analysis authors: pooja balasubramanian, marcela ibanez, sarah khan, soham sahoo abstract: reducing gender inequality in economic opportunities is considered valuable in its own right and a critical element in ending poverty and boosting economic prosperity. does the evidence from multiple interventions support this view? this paper investigates the impact of women's economic empowerment (wee) on human development in low-and middle-income countries (lmics). this meta-analysis focuses on interventions that increase income generation opportunities for women by supporting agricultural and entrepreneurial activities, expanding financial access, and promoting female labour force participation. the evidence from experimental and quasi-experimental studies indicates that wee significantly impacts human development. however, the impacts are relatively modest. our findings suggest that changing social norms is critical to promote sdgs effectively. 18. title: age and agency: evidence from a women�s empowerment program in tanzania authors: aine seitz mccarthy, brooke krause abstract: understanding the effectiveness of programs designed to empower women is important for development policy, and critically important in places with historically unequal gender norms. in this paper, we evaluate the impact of a multidimensional program on women�s empowerment in northern tanzania, where our study sample is among the pastoralist and traditionally patriarchal maasai tribe. the multidimensional approach of the program included various components: microcredit groups, business skills, livestock management, water improvements, women�s rights discussions, and nutrition education. to measure the effect of the program, we employ a difference-in-differences approach, with doubly robust weighting. we use the livestock-enhanced project-level women�s empowerment in agriculture index (pro-weai), a new quantitative measurement of women�s empowerment designed for communities where livestock is a main productive asset. our analysis of the program impact shows that the multidimensional program led to higher levels of empowerment for young women, specifically more group membership, access to credit, increased control over income, and a larger input into household productive decisions. notably, the improvement in empowerment for young women does not reflect any change in attitudes towards intimate partner violence. despite the positive findings for young women, we do not find any change in empowerment for the full sample of women (all ages). our results demonstrate that programming focused on women�s empowerment has differential effects over a woman�s life cycle. 19. title: caregivers� parenting beliefs, practices, and child developmental outcomes: evidence from randomized controlled trials in rural china authors: lei wang, dingjing jiang, siqi zhang, scott rozelle abstract: to better understand the impacts of parenting interventions (e.g., parental training of psychosocial stimulating activities) on child developmental outcomes and design effective policies to benefit young children, it is essential to identify the mechanisms through which the interventions work. to this end, this paper presents the results of two randomized controlled trials that offered home visitation, parenting trainings to 435 households (with 527 households as the control group) in 174 villages across three provinces in china. the findings from the randomized controlled trials showed that the interventions significantly improved child cognitive development and had a positive effect on the primary caregivers� parenting practices and their parenting beliefs. the analysis suggests three possible mechanisms through which the parenting interventions affected child cognitive development: changing the parenting beliefs of the primary caregivers, shifting the parenting practices of the primary caregivers, and improving the primary caregivers� parenting beliefs, thus fostering better parenting practices. 20. title: climate and sovereign risk: the latin american experience with strong enso events authors: olivier damette, cl�ment mathonnat, julien thavard abstract: using monthly panel data over the period 2007�2019 for seven latin american countries, we empirically test the impact of climate shocks, here strong enso events (el ni�o southern oscillations), on sovereign risk. local projections are computed to assess the dynamic response of sovereign spreads to enso events. results show that strong el ni�o and la ni�a shocks lead to a significant increase in sovereign spreads, but with different timing. strong el ni�o shocks are associated with a significant short-term increase in sovereign spreads, while strong la ni�a events are associated with a delayed but significant increase in sovereign spreads after a short-term decrease. thus, our results suggest a potential asymmetry in the effect of these strong enso events on sovereign risk. we also highlight high volatility in the dynamics of sovereign spreads, which may reflect an overreaction of investors faced with the high degree of uncertainty generated by the economic and financial consequences associated with strong enso events. complementary time-series estimates suggest that costa rica and peru are especially subject to these effects. overall, our results provide a warning about the fact that, in the case of latin american countries, weather shocks associated with strong enso events have adverse macroeconomic and financial consequences that can lead to an increase in sovereign risk, hinder their government's ability to act as a �climate rescuer� of last resort, and may be aggravated in the future by climate change. 21. title: foreign aid withdrawals and suspensions: why, when and are they effective? authors: nic cheeseman, haley j. swedlund, cleo o'brien-udry abstract: in this introduction to the special issue, �foreign aid withdrawals and suspensions: why, when and are they effective,� we both summarize the current state of the literature and outline a robust new agenda for studying aid suspensions and withdrawals. a common contribution of the papers in this special issue is that they emphasize that donors and aid-recipient states have more options available to them than previous literature has allowed and that it is the creative ways in which aid-recipient governments seek to discipline their donors that make the effective use of conditionality so challenging. in this introduction, we not only summarize what we know about aid suspensions and withdrawals but also begin to unpack the complex decision-making that underlies aid suspensions, providing a simplified decision tree that can guide future research. overall, we emphasize that, far from being a niche issue, aid suspensions and withdrawals are a fundamental part of the political economy of foreign aid and that much more work is needed to understand how recipient governments make decisions about how to respond or not to respond to (threats of) aid suspensions and withdrawals and how donors factor such political calculations into their initial or subsequent decision-making. the article highlights both the challenges and the opportunities of unpacking the complex decision-making behind aid suspensions and withdrawals. $%' .0124=ghp��ʸʩʸ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h�z�h�z�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh 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