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��ࡱ�>�� ln����k��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�;8bjbj�n�n2n��a��a-0 �������""������������8�d=�polqqqqq����n�n�n�n�n�n�n$�p��sfo������o��qq4*o�����q�q�n���n���q�����b����������n@o0po��s�:t��j0�s�s$��k���������oo�����po������������������������������������������������������������������������t���������"q s: organization science volume 32, issue 6, november/december 2021 1. title: the politics of learning from rare events authors: rerup, claus; zbaracki, mark j. abstract: actors engaged in learning from rare events must trade off between two different criteria for effective learning: validity�the extent to which learning can be used for understanding, prediction, and control�and reliability�the extent to which understandings of experience are public, stable, and shared. existing models of learning from rare events have elided conflict and politics by assuming that individuals and organizations always seek new valid knowledge that then becomes public, stable, and shared across actors. here we examine the politics of learning in a historical analysis of population-level learning by four different actors following the 1994 sinking of the ferry estonia. we show how politics shaped the trade-off between reliability and validity and, in turn, shaped the nature of the learning. whereas the new knowledge was sometimes both valid and reliable, the more common outcome was knowledge that was only partly valid and reliable. rather than treat these outcomes as substandard, we show how they are important to the dynamics of learning, as different population-level actors take into account different aspects of experience. the result is a model that makes conflict and contestation�and hence politics�essential to effective learning. 2. title: how do institutional carriers alleviate normative and cognitive barriers to regulatory change? authors: armanios, daniel erian; eesley, charles e. abstract: how do we reconcile misalignments between a system's existing normative and cognitive elements and novel regulatory change? prior work either largely focuses only on regulatory change or analyzes normative and cognitive barriers in parallel to rather than in interaction with regulatory change. moreover, the institutional entrepreneurship literature that focuses on reconciling such misalignments is predominantly centered on the tactics of entrepreneurs rather than the support provided by institutional carriers. we, therefore, use the case of the chinese academy of sciences (cas) knowledge innovation program (kip) to better understand these neglected facets of institutional change. through a mixed methods approach, we posit and find support for two key mechanisms that support regulatory change. first, institutional carriers (e.g., cas institutes) clarify the market relevance of technical knowledge, linking cognitive support to regulatory change. second, institutional carriers (e.g., science parks) create shared standards that could not occur otherwise, linking normative support to regulatory change. finally, these changes to institutions seem particularly associated with more nascent clusters. our study contributes to studies at the nexus between institutional change and entrepreneurship by highlighting the role of linking cognitive and normative support to regulatory changes aimed at increasing entrepreneurship. 3. title: adaptation or persistence? emergence and revision of organization designs in new ventures authors: alexy, oliver; poetz, katharina; puranam, phanish; reitzig, markus. abstract: how organization designs evolve between adaptation to changing conditions and the pressures toward persistence of the designs adopted at founding remains an understudied phenomenon. to fill this lacuna, we conducted a longitudinal, multicase study of eight young ventures. we find that, in these ventures, specific organization design solutions changed frequently, triggered by various internal and external developments, although the changes were typically incremental and myopic. however, the more abstract principles of design, captured in the founders' logics of organizing, were less amenable to change. this explains why observations of imprinting effects in logics of organizing may be consistent with observations of dynamic change to organization designs. 4. title: social responsibility beyond the corporate: executive mental accounting across sectoral and issue domains authors: lungeanu, razvan; weber, klaus. abstract: business elites influence the allocation of resources to a range of causes related to the social good, such as to corporate community or environmental programs. we extend research on executive influence on corporate attention to alternative causes by showing how chief executive officers' (ceos') engagement in two distinct institutional domains, corporate social responsibility (csr) and independent foundation philanthropy, are interrelated. we draw on the psychology of moral accounting to refine the assumption of personal consistency prevalent in studies of executives' corporate influence. specifically, we show that executives use flexible means to realize an overall aspiration of doing good, resulting in divergent emphases in their csr and philanthropic causes. evidence comes from a panel of 677 corporations linked to 309 foundations through 1,109 ceos during the period 2003�2011. ceos compensated for deficits in their firms' csr record by joining the board of trustees of specific nonprofit foundations, but subsequently advanced divergent cause priorities in the corporation and the foundation. our work suggests that studies of csr and of executive influence on organizations benefit from taking into account executives' cross-domain engagement. 5. title: women in the inner circle: gender and director networks after the fracturing of the corporate elite authors: benton, richard a. abstract: over the past two decades, women have increased their representation among multiboard directors�corporate directors who simultaneously hold seats on two or more firms. traditionally, multiboard directors exercised greater power and influence in corporate governance. as a consequence, women's increased representation among this "inner circle" could signal women's increased influence in corporate governance. however, women's access to these elite positions comes at a time when multiboard holding has declined. this paper investigates gendered patterns in access to and outcomes of multiboard holding. i argue that these patterns reflect gendered logics in director appointment practices such that firms increasingly recruit and appoint highly boarded female directors, but multiboard women continue to lag in substantive influence in the boardroom. analyses of nearly two decades of data on s&p 1500 boards demonstrate female directors' increased access to the corporate inner-circle, but this access is decoupled from increased participation in board committees and interorganizational social influence. i discuss implications for theory on gender tokenism, corporate networks, and board processes. 6. title: anchored differentiation: the role of temporal distance in the comparison and evaluation of new product designs authors: chan, tian heong; lee, yonghoon g.; jung, heejung. abstract: a new design can be compared with its contemporaries or older designs. in this study, we argue that the temporal distance between the new design and its comparison play an important role in understanding how a new design's similarity with other designs contributes to its valuation. construing the value of designs as a combination of their informational value and their expressive value, we propose the "anchored differentiation" hypothesis. specifically, we argue that expressive value (which is enhanced by how much the new design appears different from others) is emphasized more than informational value (which is enhanced by how much the new design appears similar to others) compared with contemporary designs. informational value, however, is emphasized more than expressive value when compared against designs from the past. therefore, both difference from other contemporary designs (contemporary differentiation) and similarity to other past designs (past anchoring) help increase the value of a new design. we find consistent evidence for our theory across both a field study and an experimental study. furthermore, we show that this is because temporal distance changes the relative emphasis on expressive and informational values. we discuss our contribution to the growing literature on optimal distinctiveness and design innovation by offering a dynamic perspective that helps resolve the tension between similarities and differences in evaluating new designs. 7. title: alliance governance mechanisms in the face of disruption authors: keller, arne; lumineau, fabrice; mellewigt, thomas; ari�o, africa. abstract: existing academic literature has discussed contracts and relational governance as the key mechanisms that help alliance partners address problems of cooperation and coordination. however, when an alliance undergoes disruption, the nature and extent of such problems may change and therefore the value of these mechanisms may change. this study advances a dynamic perspective on alliance governance by examining the impact of disruption and subsequent adjustment on the value of alliance governance mechanisms. to this end, we longitudinally studied a revelatory case of a research and development alliance in the veterinary drug industry that experienced disruption triggered by an internal restructuring at one of the partner companies. we approached the evidence with a fine-grained typology that builds on two dimensions that underlie governance mechanisms: the means to enforce their ruling principles (contractual versus relational) and the level of codification of these principles (formal versus informal). based on our findings, we (1) show the significance of this revised typology, which suggests that contractual governance is not necessarily formal and relational governance is not necessarily informal; (2) provide a more systematic discussion of the tradeoffs that the various mechanisms entail and how these are altered through disruption and adjustment dynamics; and (3) analyze how the interplay between different types of governance mechanisms evolves following disruption and adjustment. overall, our study brings the concept of disruption to the dynamic perspective of alliance governance and highlights the contingent value of alliance governance mechanisms. 8. title: watchers, watched, and watching in the digital age: reconceptualization of information technology monitoring as complex action nets authors: zorina, aljona; b�langer, france; kumar, nanda; clegg, stewart. abstract: despite increasing studies of information technology (it) monitoring, our understanding of how it-mediates relations between the watcher and watched remains limited in two areas. first, either traditional actor-centric frameworks assuming predefined watcher-watched relationships (e.g., panopticon or synopticon) are adopted or monitoring actors are removed to focus on data flows (e.g., dataveillance, assemblages, panspectron). second, it monitoring research predominantly assumes it artifacts to be stable, bounded, designed objects, with prescribed uses which provides an oversimplified view of actor relationships. to redress these limitations, a conceptual framework of veillance applicable to a variety of possible it or non-it-mediated relationships between watcher and watched is developed. using the framework, we conduct a conceptual review of the literature, identifying it-enabled monitoring and transformations of actors, goals, mechanisms and foci and develop an action net model of it veillance where it artifacts are theorized as equivocal, distributable and open for diverse use, open to edits and contributions by unbounded sets of heterogenous actors characterized by diverse goals and capabilities. the action net of it veillance is defined as a flexible decentralized interconnected web shaped by multidirectional watcher-watched relationships, enabling multiple dynamic goals and foci. cumulative contributions by heterogenous participants organize and manipulate the net, having an impact through influencing dispositions, visibilities and the inclusion/exclusion of self and others. the model makes three important theoretical contributions to our understanding of it monitoring of watchers and watched and their 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