-k8凯发棋牌
��ࡱ�>�� jl����i��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��xbjbj��2\x�x�p3
���������>>>>>����rrr8�d�rkol
(2222fff�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�p�ys:�n9>fffff�n>>224oxxxf>2>2�nxf�nxxx2�������c��r|�x�no0kox�s�:�sxx�/�s>l�ffxfffff�n�n8 fffkoffff���������������������������������������������������������������������sfffffffff�: science and public policy
volume 39, issue 4, august 2012
1. title: the persistence of big science and megascience in research and innovation policy
authors: merle jacob and olof hallonsten
abstract: this special section of an issue of science and public policy grew out of an interest in following the politics of the european spallation source (ess) facility at lund, sweden. the ess spectacle provided a platform from which to review different research infrastructure projects and to place them in the context of science policy as a whole. large-scale research infrastructure investments are often very visible and controversial science policy investments. this group of five papers provides insights into the persistence of these types of investments in an era where cost efficiency and the contribution of science to innovation and economic development appear to be the dominant rationale for investment.
2. title: features of the current science policy regime: viewed in historical perspective
authors: aant elzinga
abstract: this paper aims to throw into relief some of the general features in the development of the history of science policy by drawing attention to the continuation and deepening of old issues in new forms within the current science policy regime. the paper presents a typology which distinguishes different ways in which policy attempts to �account� for public funding of science by showing how science contributes to wealth and prosperity. the paper concludes that the new forms of accounting place the focus of attention on what is �produced� in science and that science policy itself has become dominated by the logic of globalism and new public management.
3. title: framing prospects and risk in the public promotion of ess scandinavia
authors: wilhelm agrell
abstract: the public campaign to locate the european spallation source (ess) near lund, southern sweden is considered. the public case for ess scandinavia offers an opportunity to study how a large-scale investment in �big science� is presented and marketed in a specific national setting, using �offensive� as well as �defensive� public relations strategies to cope with an issue where the media�public opinion interaction could be either an asset and even a precondition for success, or a powerful and unpredictable potential threat. the offensive strategy was based on a dualistic description of the nature of future science, as on the one hand incomprehensible and on the other predictable in terms of material deliveries: a mixture of mystique and instrument for future innovations. lacking an active anti-ess movement and a critical media campaign, the defensive strategy remained unfocused, mirroring environmental scepticism over land use as well as earlier controversies over nuclear energy.
4. title: institutional persistence and the material transformation of the us national labs: the curious story of the advent of the advanced photon source
authors: catherine westfall
abstract: the 1990s saw a radical shift in the us investment in large-scale projects along with a shift in the rationale for us support of such projects and the national laboratories which host them. previously, the largest projects were for the esoteric field of high energy and justifications drew on the cold war priorities of national security and the cultural benefits of a free society. starting with argonne national laboratory�s advanced photon source, a materials science accelerator, all this changed. from this time forward those promoting large-scale projects instead pointed to more practical considerations in line with the post-cold-war moral economy valuing entrepreneurship and measurable utility. it might seem that change resulted from a direct competition between high energy physicists and materials scientists that was mediated by high-level policy makers in favor of the latter. this case study reveals a much more telling and nuanced story in which science policy was shaped at every turn by the need of the us national laboratories to adapt to a changing social, political, economic, technological and scientific context amidst the underlying desire for institutional persistence.
5. title: institutional persistence through gradual organizational adaptation: analysis of national laboratories in the usa and germany
authors: olof hallonsten andthomas heinze
abstract: this paper discusses the institutional persistence of systems of national laboratories (snls) that unlike other public and private research organizations appear to have experienced only minor institutional shifts in recent years. although national laboratories started as time-limited mission-oriented projects, most of them have remained in operation as continuously renewed multi-purpose organizations. by comparing the snls in germany and the usa, this paper discusses the relationship between the system and the organizational level and concludes that incremental organizational rearrangements have enabled the institutional persistence of snls despite considerable changes in their political and funding environments. the paper applies recent advances in institutional theory and thus contributes to a better understanding of institutional change in path-dependent public r&d systems.
6. title: the electronic scientific portfolio assistant: integrating scientific knowledge databases to support program impact assessment
authors: laurel l. haak, will ferriss, kevin wright, michael e. pollard, kirk barden, matt a. probus, michael tartakovsky, and charles j. hackett
abstract: the us national institutes of health (nih) supports basic and applied biomedical research by funding grants and contracts. to measure the outcomes and impact of their programs, nih staff conduct program evaluations and undertake targeted investigations of research portfolios. recently, the nih launched the electronic scientific portfolio assistant (espa), a web-based analytics system based on linked scientific databases that provides quantitative information for program officers and planning and evaluation officials managing research portfolios. this system has improved the ability to create and collaboratively refine research portfolios, has reduced the time needed to collect and link outcomes data such as publications and patents, and is providing information used to support research management decisions. after describing the espa system, we provide examples of three espa evaluation projects that illustrate the impact of this system on nih evaluation objectives.
7. title: locating research in agricultural innovation trajectories: evidence and implications from empirical cases from south asia
authors: t. s. vamsidhar reddy, andy hall, and rasheed sulaiman
abstract: agricultural innovation is a process that takes a multitude of different forms, and, within this process, agricultural research and expertise are mobilised at different points in time for different purposes. this paper uses two key analytical principles to establish how research is actually put into use. the first, which concerns the configurations of organisations and their relationships associated with innovation, reveals the additional set of resources and expertise that research needs to be married to, and sheds light on the types of arrangements that allow this marriage to take place. the second, which concerns understanding innovation as a path-dependent, contextually shaped trajectory unfolding over time, reveals the changing role of research during the course of events associated with the development and diffusion of products, services and institutional innovations. this paper examines the efforts of the research into use programme funded by the uk department for international development that sought to explore the agricultural research-into-use question empirically.
8. title: networked research infrastructures and their governance: the case of biobanking
authors: ingeborg meijer, jordi molas-gallart, and pauline mattsson
abstract: research infrastructures such as biobanks are increasingly important for science and society. this paper focuses on the transition of biobanks from being a research tool of individual research groups to complex, internationally networked research infrastructures supporting large-scale biomedical investigations, and the challenges that this change poses for governance in relation to management, funding, ethical and legal issues. a major problem for most publicly funded biobanks is that funding remains time-limited and is normally associated with specific research projects. yet, as biobanks are becoming large research infrastructures, they are requiring new forms of sustainable funding. based on ten in-depth case studies with biobanks of different sizes from different eu countries, we conclude that the growth in scale triggers the need for different governance structures, based on the specialization and professionalization of technical tasks, the formalization of many management practices and a shift in funding structures.
9. title: uk biobank: consequences for commons and innovation
authors: farah huzair andtheo papaioannou
abstract: biobanks as collections of population level genetic and health data will be central to the innovation of new drugs and drug targets. the uk biobank, funded by massive public and charitable investment, was created to store and manage the genetic and health data of over 500,000 people in the uk. the uk biobank will be available to researchers from both private and public sectors, and is intended to support innovation and serve the public good. we argue that the uk biobank faces a dilemma in that the knowledge generated is potentially commercialisable and patentable. as knowledge resulting it is transformed into excludable or private goods by scarcity and patenting, it is subject to the tragedies of commons and anti-commons. we question whether the current ethics and governance framework can ensure that benefits will optimally accrue to the public who have funded and contributed samples to the resource.
10. title: identifying, explaining and improving the effects of academic r&d: the case of nanotechnology in sweden
authors: eugenia perez vico andstaffan jacobsson
abstract: it is commonly believed that the academic sector does not generate enough value for society. this value is often measured in terms of new firms, patents and products, leading to policy responses which aim to enhance �commercialisation� by academics. however, others maintain that academic research generates benefits in many ways, some of which are difficult to measure, and that policy must look beyond the academic sector to find ways of improving the impact of academic r&d. applying a new version of the �technological innovation system� framework to nanotechnology in sweden, we find a rich pattern of impact, including substantial �commercialisation�. however, the effect of academic activities is constrained by factors exogenous to academia, in particular a lack of knowledge about environmental and health risks, institutional and market uncertainties, poorly coordinated policies and insufficient access to innovation-related capital. policy-makers seeking to improve the impact of academic r&d should help to resolve these issues.
11. title: state stem cell policy and the geographic preferences of scientists in a contentious emerging field
authors: aaron d. levine
abstract: in the usa, stem cell research policy has been addressed at both federal and state levels. this paper focuses on the heterogeneous state policy environment and compares data from surveys of stem cell scientists and other biomedical researchers to evaluate the impact of supportive state policies on stem cell scientists� geographic preferences. at least early in the development of the field, permissive state policies were a strong predictor of scientists� geographic preferences. combined with an analysis of scientists� policy awareness and explanations of their preferences, these findings suggest that supportive state science policies have influenced scientists� geographic preferences and, at least in the case of stem cell research where federal funding restrictions are prevalent, may help states to successfully recruit scientists.
�nn/ffnċ�
12. title: governing the air: the dynamics of science, policy, and citizen interaction by rolf lidskog and g�ran sundqvist
authors: candis callison
abstract: the article reviews the book governing the air: the dynamics of science, policy, and citizen interaction� by rolf lidskog and g�ran sundqvist.
13. title: unlocking energy innovation: how america can build a low-cost, low-carbon energy system by richard k. lester and david m. hart
authors: finbarr livesey
abstract: the article reviews the book �unlocking energy innovation: how america can build a low-cost, low-carbon energy system� by hyperlink "http://spp.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=richard k. lester&sortspec=date&submit=submit" richard k. lester, and !# ,.479:;=f�����ʹʨʨ��tl_qc6qh�a�5�ojqj^jo(hzr�hzr�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h�ec5�cjojqj^jajo(h
2e5�cjojqj^jaj h�a�5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h��h��5�cjojqj^jaj:;<�����������z[�
�������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�����������������
�������������|��l|��l|�_qfh%j,5�ojqjo(hzr�hu<�ojqj^jo(hzr�hzr�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�a�5�ojqjo(hzr�hj�ojqj^jajhzr�hzr�ojqj^jajhj�5�ojqjo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(hzr�hzr�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j����������
��������������yz�����²��²�|na�qna�qna��hvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(h�)h%j,ojqj^jo(h�)h�)ojqj^jhvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�)h�)5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(z[\^de����
�������#����辰�辠��xj�]�o]�aohvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h�)h)w�ojqj^jo(h�)h�)ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�)h�)5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(���!�!"o"�&�&�&<'s t � � x/y/�/�/44�4�4�7�78�������������������������gd[gd7*^gd�_gdlz�gd�)ggd|�gd)w�gdr7a#$�����!�!�!�!�!�!�!"""n"o"x"y"�&�&�&���ÿ����tf��xf��ÿk=�h7*^h)w�ojqj^jo(h7*^h�b�ojqj^jhvi�h|�5�ojqj^jh|�h|�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h�b�h)w�ojqj^jajh�b�h�b�ojqj^jajh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�b�h�b�5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^j�&�&�&�&�&�&�&'';'<'e'f'r s t u w ] ^ � ����ɻ��ɫ���uj]�ob�hlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h7*^h)w�ojqj^jo(h7*^h7*^ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�)g5�ojqj^jh7*^h7*^5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(� � � � � � � w/x/y/[/]/c/d/�/�/�/�/�/0044���ŷ����wi[n�@[�ŷ���hvi�h�_5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h7*^h)w�ojqj^jo(h7*^h7*^ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h7*^h7*^5�ojqj^jhlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jhvi�hlz�5�ojqj^j444$4%4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�7�78
888888����ɻ�ɫ��ti^isf8h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h7*^5�ojqjo(h[5�ojqjo(hvi�hv�ojqj^jo(h7*^h7*^ojqj^jo(h7*^h7*^ojqj^jh$?�h7*^5�ojqj^jhvi�h7*^5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h7*^5�ojqj^jh7*^h7*^5�ojqj^jh�_h7*^5�ojqj^jh�"�h7*^5�ojqj^jh7*^5�ojqj^jo(889896:7:�:�:txuxwxxxzx{x}x~x�x�x�x�x�������������������gd�gd�s�gd)w�8$8&899996989j9l9�9�9:::5:�����֪���iti= #h/x�h/x�0jojqj\�^jaj-h/x�h/x�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh (h/x�h~�b*ojqj\�^jajph-h/x�h~�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh h/x�h~�ojqj^jajh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh~�h~�5�ojqj^jh~�5�ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^j5:6:7:9:;:a:b:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:;;���˽�����}m_rc,-h�$
h~�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh h�$
h~�ojqj^jajh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h/x�h/x�5�ojqj^jajh[h[h[h�s�5�ojqj^jh/x�h/x�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h/x�h)w�ojqj^jaj;y;];^;_;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;xcxdxqxrxsxtxuxvxxxyx{x|x���g����e��g��vjb>b>bhcyjhcyuh�$
h�~�ojqjo(h�$
h)w�ojqj^jaju1h�$
h/x�0jb*ojqj^jajmh ph@@@sh 1h�$
h/x�0jb*ojqj^jajmh phsh :jh�$
h/x�0jb*ojqju^jajmh phsh -h�$
h/x�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h�$
h~�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh 4h�$
h/x�0j6�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh hyperlink "http://spp.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=david m. hart&sortspec=date&submit=submit" david m. hart.
|x~xx�x�x����h�$
h�~�ojqjo(jhcyuhcy01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s����bh2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a`���$؞���k=�w[sobi���bnf�h����3�\`�?�/�[���g��\�!�-�rk.�s�ի�..���a濭?��pk!�֧��6_rels/.rels���j�0���}q��%v/��c/�}�(h"���o�
������=������ ����c?�h�v=��ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�pѣ<�1�h�0���o�r�bd���je�4b$��q_����6l��r�7`�������0̞o��,�en7�li�b��/�s���e��е������pk!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xml�m
� @�}�w��7c�(eb�ˮ��c�aǡҟ����7��՛k
y,�
�e�.���|,���h�,l����xɴ��i�sq}#ր���� ֵ �!�,�^�$j=�gw���)�e� &
8���pk!�uu��qtheme/theme/theme1.xml�ymoe�#�f{oc'vgu�رh�f�[��xw�;���jf��7����@%ą*�h�_�rt�կ�;3��n�&ia�!��>��ǽ3�t�n�����u/v�q�a���.��k��yҳ��mu��0�ps~��~���ctt���ݟ���;���e�pm�$,r����?~��x����_��e���<���r ��t��_>��ɣ�>}�������"�oc"�5r��x������8e?´h���'xk)��q���6�,���g���)�}���n;
�"1r�d��(v�;���^��e��%a�p1*��0>(��ɖ��(�����cx;"���'
�$!
�w|���nq��u���k>t�e-lk]ҧ'��d[4����l�x;�ٹ�z��y�i\$tf%�� s�x���x�q̊��**s�7~ב
"�q' r��\`o!�w1t�ұ�q�"���e<�1�e�&�og8n˰=�de�rr�]���;ܭ�q���pߤ� ����
�� �ߌ��%�j��4��v�(�c���>��aif���x���j�:�~��7�6}�{�&%��|v�y�rߵ\�?�r���i���b��s��͈ϝ�����3�-͐,a�������lnli_����b�
\}duԋp
v��lb��%j����y.��0� {,�������%���&l�n��g.hi38�����)��:ªz�sk��l�s�ml�κ�o��`l//�]��� f$�~�{o����p@�i�gct5a�s��@��h�n�zazc�}i� rq\m�����(���&��dœ]���|�-�_lǭz^ ��4��mθ�ڎ5c�b=w�8k1,n��{���>#&�����{�[�р�a�@v_���
�.`p��6�4 ��lt�^�7�s�t'r�9[kv�x��ٓ�����y:;��k�6����%
k�� cc~�*����!лp�?bj�d�ߔ�ѳg���j4����pk!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m
�0���wooӻ�&݈э���5
6?$q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 _rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!�uu��q�theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-!
ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]�
^3\���� ��z#�&� 485:;|x�x !"$%&')* -�8�x#(w2�2�2�2>3l3^3x��x���@� @���������h ��0�( �
����0�( �
��b
�s���� ?�it����jt����9c�
�
�����.29@y���)-'>efn���� �� %3;go��!'!�!�!$","a#h#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#r$y$�$�$�%�%�%�%�'�'�'�'�'�'�(�(�*�*�/�/`0g0l0q0r0{0�0�0�0�0111#1$1-1�1�1�1�1p3r3s3u3v3x3y3[3_3��lyjl��&&p3r3s3u3v3x3y3[3_3333333p3r3s3u3v3x3y3[3_3!# ,.489<<f�������������
�
����ye����$����ny���;fr#^#�#�#�#�#w'd'�'�'�'(�/�/�/000{0�0�0�0.11121;1�1�1�1�1n3_3��q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�={u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~��
{r�v�4�1l2q �"�iaha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*�7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�`
rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a
6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[�
k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~�
��y��k�
?i��� *�?=��#??*�@�4le�dw"
���z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��u
kkkkdw"
q�x�-h�
k^r�
�^�vxb�
�=#�/y�pur ����
��'ff�x-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&����`
[� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"���[��h�2��d���t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d�
)r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v���/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]��r�-��.��zf�7��
�e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t
an�gap�y8��x���s��d���z��j�vzq��t\
~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�`
rq1��yn�pur �p}��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� �i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p���c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2
�z��>2"o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� �3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^�
-a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5
-a5�a
6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6�a�r!�6q1���@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr
f8c�]��jo8�~�8���8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_�s�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjjo;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�?
u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8���doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an���a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y���f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s
h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr�
{r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcs�#sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�@gku�u0
g�u���uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:��o�x�#s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��q�yv^mc���y<z�&xfk{z�kd
�zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�`
[�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s���7y]�>aqs�]���c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t
a��&na[mk,�9a��q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u
�t�edu�efd��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k��.�mz*�ma�� �m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po�
���"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh��.�o�r��v�omg���o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ���qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s
h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to
�v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn
�x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o���z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{
hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s�
u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\
~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x��m�j�����[w�cy2 r� �p
j^�$
�n�_�oat�wb��.h j<sh�to>s)"�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(�)a,%j,�p.�i/�z2'4t4.6�6cj8�9�e=e!@jj@r7a�ec�d�nd�udvf0i�k�tl%mangy�py�^7*^ro_5a�7ahc
2e�qf�g�)gjmi�ckalthl[r�ps0@ui1v�yvywicy�x}�/�wt�mw��=��=��`�j�nj�l�.~�v�=h��~�du�� �fj�to�4��m��a��2�)w�lz��c�7�u<�[��t��r������b����^�v��\�a�vi�|w�r�zr���~���$?�/x��
��!�s/����8�*��-��_�$-����f�><��b��r��c�nn�7"����s�?5����"�gl�h��-���
��"�w�p����y����e�`-�|�p3r3�@4�/�0�2^3�@�8�t@��@��unknown������������g��* ��times new roman5��symbol3.��* ��arial7.�� �verdana;���[sosimsuna���� b�cambria math q��h;"�f�# g���� ]�� ]!-!),.:;?]}���� & 6"0000 00
00000��� ������=�@�\�]�^���([{� 0
000000��;�[����������26363 3�q��hx��?�����������������������"�2!xx���useruser�������oh�� '��0x������� ��
,8@hp�usernormal.dotmuser162microsoft office word@z��9@�y��\�@�~c���� ����՜.�� ,��d��՜.�� ,����
x`t|�������microsoft]63 8@_pid_hlinks�a�$ whttp://spp.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=david m. hart&sortspec=date&submit=submit?9[http://spp.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=richard k. lester&sortspec=date&submit=submit
!"#$%&'()* ,-.����0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx����z[\]^_`����bcdefgh��������k������������������������������������������������������������������������������������root entry�������� �f���c��m�1table��������/�sworddocument��������2\summaryinformation(����ydocumentsummaryinformation8������������acompobj������������u������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���� �f#microsoft office word 97-2003 �ĵ�
msworddocword.document.8�9�q