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��ࡱ�>�� {}����z��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��lbjbjqq2ree�d ���������������������8|��7kl���������j�j�j�j�j�j�j$�l�eo:�j�������j����4�j   �������j ��j   �������#y����� �jk07k of:o  n/o�nh4�� ������j�j�����7k������������������������������������������������������������������������o���������� �: research policy volume 40, issue 10, 2011 1. title: the mobility of economists and the diffusion of policy ideas: the influence of economics on national policies authors: bruce kogut, j. muir macpherson abstract: economic policies are innovations that have important effects on countries and their social welfare. far from being simply technical in nature, such policies are often ideological innovations. this paper examines three economic policy innovations (privatization, central bank independence, and pension reform) and shows how the diffusion of these policies depended not only upon the mobility of american-trained ph.d. economists to adopting countries, but also the state of agreement among economists on the value of these policy innovations. by estimating hazard models for adoption times, the effects of mobility and policy agreement are shown to explain the adoption patterns. the implications of this analysis are to treat the creation and diffusion of economic policies as innovations that are subject to trial and error revision as well as to the changing consensus within an academic community. 2. title: recombinant search and breakthrough idea generation: an analysis of high impact papers in the social sciences authors: melissa a. schilling, elad green abstract: some ideas have dramatically more impact than others � they may overturn existing paradigms or launch new areas of scientific inquiry. where do such high impact ideas come from? are some search processes significantly more likely to lead to breakthrough idea generation than others? in this research, we compare �high impact� papers from the social sciences with random-but-matched articles published in the same journals in the same years. we find that search scope, search depth, and atypical connections between different research domains significantly increase a paper's impact, even when controlling for the experience and prior publishing success of the author(s). 3. title: getting cited: does open access help? authors: patrick gaul�, nicolas maystre abstract: cross-sectional studies typically find positive correlations between free availability of scientific articles (�open access�) and citations. using a number of instruments as plausible sources of exogeneous variation, we find no evidence for a causal effect of open access on citations. we provide theory and evidence suggesting that authors of higher quality papers are more likely to choose open access in hybrid journals which offer an open access option. self-selection mechanisms may thus explain the discrepancy between the positive correlation found in eysenbach (2006) and other cross-sectional studies and the absence of such correlation in the field experiment of davis. 4. title: how medical know-how progresses authors: richard r. nelson, kristin buterbaugh, marcel perl, annetine gelijns abstract: the conventional wisdom regarding the source of progress in medical practice highlights the role of basic scientific research into the nature of disease pathologies. this perspective neglects the important role of two other sources of progress in medicine. one is the advance of technologies that have enabled the development of new modalities of treatment and diagnosis. the other is learning in clinical practice. in many cases the advance of treatment has involved the interaction of all three of these pathways to progress. 5. title: are you too young for the nobel prize? authors: john baffes, athanasios vamvakidis abstract: although age is not supposed to be a criterion for the award of the nobel prize, it is commonly believed that it does play a role. indeed, econometric evidence in this paper also suggests such a role. however, the paper finds that, if there is a preference for older nobel candidates, this is introduced during the nomination process. the paper actually finds that the nobel committee does not favor older nominees and that, if anything, it seems to partially offset the age premium introduced by the nominators. 6. title: what motivates academic scientists to engage in research commercialization: �gold�, �ribbon� or �puzzle�? authors: alice lam abstract: this paper employs the three concepts of �gold� (financial rewards), �ribbon� (reputational/career rewards) and �puzzle� (intrinsic satisfaction) to examine the extrinsic and intrinsic aspects of scientists� motivation for pursuing commercial activities. the study is based on 36 individual interviews and an on-line questionnaire survey of 735 scientists from five major uk research universities. it finds that there is a diversity of motivations for commercial engagement, and that many do so for reputational and intrinsic reasons and that financial rewards play a relatively small part. the paper draws on self-determination theory in social psychology to analyse the relationship between scientists� value orientations with regard to commercial engagement and their personal motivations. it finds that those with traditional beliefs about the separation of science from commerce are more likely to be extrinsically motivated, using commercialization as a means to obtain resources to support their quest for the �ribbon�. in contrast, those identify closely with entrepreneurial norms are intrinsically motivated by the autonomy and �puzzle-solving� involved in applied commercial research while also motivated by the �gold�. the study highlights the primacy of scientists� self-motivation, and suggests that a fuller explanation of their commercial behaviour will need to consider a broader mix of motives to include the social and affective aspects of intrinsic motivation. in conclusion, the paper argues that policy to encourage commercial engagement should build on reputational and intrinsic rather than purely financial motivations. 7. title: �impact� in the proposals for the uk's research excellence framework: shifting the boundaries of academic autonomy authors: simon smith, vicky ward, allan house abstract: evaluation of university-based research already has a reasonably long tradition in the uk, but proposals to revise the framework for national evaluation aroused controversy in the academic community because they envisage assessing more explicitly than before the economic, social and cultural �impact� of research as well as its scientific quality. using data from the 2009 public consultation on the proposals for a research excellence framework, this paper identifies three main lines of controversy: the threats to academic autonomy implied in the definition of expert review and the delimitation of reviewers, the scope for boundary-work in the construction of impact narratives and case studies, and the framing of knowledge translation by the stipulation that impact �builds on� research. given the behaviour-shaping effects of research evaluation, the paper demonstrates how the proposed changes could help embed impact considerations among the routine reflexive tools of university researchers and enhance rather than restrict academic autonomy at the level of research units. it also argues that the ref could constitute an important dialogical space for negotiating science�society relations in an era of increasing heteronomy between academia, state and industry. but the paper raises doubts about whether the proposed operationalisation of impact is adequate to evaluate the ways that research and knowledge translation are actually carried out. 8. title: is italian science declining? authors: cinzia daraio, henk f. moed abstract: the paper analyses the italian contribution to the world scientific production, its relative citation impact, its international collaborations and scientific productivity compared with the most productive eu countries over the period 1980�2009. it shows that despite the fact that the level of funding has been dramatically low during the past decades, italian science has been able to increase its performance up to 2007. italian science is a �cathedral in the desert�. however, a recent reduction in the level of scientific production, the lagging behind in international scientific collaboration (highly correlated with the relative citation impact) and the great heterogeneity of researchers� productivity (absence of correlation of number of researchers with quality and quantity of scientific production) may mark the start of a decline of italian science. the paper concludes that the increased funding must go hand-in-hand with reform of autonomy and governance and calling for a sound system of internal quality control and performance enhancement. 9. title: how do men and women differ in research collaborations? an analysis of the collaborative motives and strategies of academic researchers authors: barry bozeman, monica gaughan abstract: do men and women academic faculty vary in their research collaboration patterns and strategies? this straightforward question does not lend itself to a straightforward answer. a great many sex-correlated variables could possibly mitigate the relationship of sex and collaboration. if one finds sex-correlated differences in the number of collaborators, can one infer that there is something intrinsic to men's and women's work strategies and preferences? or would such differences owe instead to women's and men's different positions in work structures and hierarchies? the focus here is on two sets of research collaboration variables, numbers of collaborators and the collaboration strategies employed. the study uses questionnaire data from the u.s. national survey of academic scientists (n = 1714) and tests several hypotheses about collaboration numbers and strategies. regression results indicate, counter to the core hypotheses and almost all published literature, that in a properly specified model, one taking into account such factors as tenure, discipline, family status and doctoral cohort, women actually have somewhat more collaborators on average than do men. for both men and women, those with more industrial interactions and those affiliated with university research centers have more collaborators. men and women differ in their collaborator choice strategies. men are more likely to be oriented to �instrumental,� and �experience� strategies, while both men and women are motivated by �mentoring� strategies. regression analyses show that for both men and women, having a coherent collaborator choice strategy predicts the number of collaborators. 10. title: on the contractual governance of research collaborations: allocating control and intellectual property rights in the shadow of potential termination authors: claudio panico abstract: this paper investigates the governance design problem of a large company that wants to engage a small and cashless firm into a research collaboration. this analysis reflects the frequently observed collaborations between pharma companies and biotechs, and an actual research contract is assessed to link theory to practice. the governance form refers to the allocation of control rights over the research process and property rights over research output(s), as determined by the initial contract; yet this contract is incomplete. the parties negotiate at a later stage from bargaining positions that depend on the initial choice of the governance, but they also contemplate the possibility that the collaboration will be terminated. by means of a simple model that captures the core aspects of the contractual environment, i answer a key research question: how should governance be designed in the shadow of potential termination to provide the research firm with the incentives to invest in the collaboration? first, it is in the company�s interest to choose a governance form that eliminates the possibility of termination and stabilizes the collaboration whenever possible. second, if the collaboration cannot be stabilized, the company faces a trade-off between reducing the probability of termination and providing incentives, which is ultimately resolved by making the collaboration highly unstable. third, property rights and control are substitutes in the governance design: if the company collects more property rights, it must relinquish more control rights. 11. title: innovation as a social bubble: the example of the human genome project authors: monika gisler, didier sornette, ryan woodard abstract: in this paper we present a detailed synthesis of the development of the human genome project (hgp) from the mid 1980s through 2000, in order to test our hypothesis of �social bubbles�, which claims that strong social interactions between enthusiastic supporters weave a network of reinforcing feedbacks that lead to widespread endorsement and extraordinary commitment by those involved, beyond what would be rationalized by a standard cost-benefit analysis in the presence of extraordinary uncertainties and risks. the hgp was initiated as a public project funded by government agencies, starting at a moderate pace. the progressive introduction of different actors and the development of various interests catalyzed the project, which eventually became eminent both in the public and private sectors. the competition between the public and the private sector played greatly in favor of both: the financial burden as well as the horizon of the public project were significantly reduced, the private project(s) gained from the hype of the public project, yet had to play an active and collaborative role in order to remain in the game. this is at the core of the social bubble hypothesis. to further our argument, we present quantitative analysis of the development of the biotech sector within the financial stock market. lastly, we point to the fact that the hypes fueling the bubble during its growth have not been followed by real tangible outcomes over the short expected time horizons. indeed, at the time of writing (may, 2011), the consensus of the scientific community is that it will take decades to exploit the fruits of the hgp. 12. title: highly innovative small technology firms, industrial clusters and firm internationalization authors: dirk libaers, martin meyer abstract: this study examines the role and differential impact of industrial clustering in the internationalization of small technology-based firms. serial innovator firms are a set of small, long-lived technology-based firms with a stellar record of inventive success. in contrast, non-serial innovators are small technology-based firms with much weaker inventive capabilities. using theoretical insights from the resource-based view and density dependence theory, we demonstrate that both serial and non-serial innovator firms benefit from rising levels of industrial clustering in their efforts to internationalize; however, non-serial innovators experience decreasing returns with increasing levels of clustering. in addition, our analysis indicates that overall serial innovator firms benefit more from industrial clustering in terms of internationalization than non-serial innovator firms. the underlying premise and contribution of this study is that all small technology-based firms are not the same and that serial innovators are more effective at leveraging cluster-based resources than non-serial innovators, even when they operate in the same industry. policy implications for research and economic development are discussed. 13. title: openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in uk business services authors: james h. love, stephen roper, john r. bryson abstract: we explore the causal links between service firms� knowledge investments, their innovation outputs and business growth based on a bespoke survey of around 1100 uk service businesses. we combine the activity based approach of the innovation value chain with firms� external links at each stage of the innovation process. this introduces the concept of �encoding� relationships through which learning improves the effectiveness of firms� innovation processes. our econometric results emphasise the importance of external openness in the initial, exploratory phase of the innovation process and the significance of internal openness (e.g. team working) in later stages of the process. in-house design capacity is strongly linked to a firm's ability to absorb external knowledge for innovation. links to customers are important in the exploratory stage of the innovation process, but encoding linkages with private and public research organisations are more important in developing innovation outputs. business growth is related directly to both the extent of firms� service innovation as well as the diversity of innovation, reflecting marketing, strategic and business process change. 14. title: the effects of knowledge management on innovative success � an empirical analysis of german firms authors: uwe cantner, kristin joel, tobias schmidt abstract: the aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of knowledge management on the innovation success of firms in germany. we look at innovative firms in the period from 2000 to 2002 taken from the mannheim innovation panel and estimate the effect of collaborative measures of knowledge management on the immediate economic success of different types of innovations. the results of our matching analysis reveal that firms which apply knowledge management perform better in terms of higher-than-average shares of turnover with innovative products compared to their twins. we do not find a significant effect of knowledge management on the share of cost reductions with process innovation.     !"#$')* -6��̺�����zium@2h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jajh��5�cjojqj^jaj h 2e5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�e�h�e�5�cjojqj^jaj h��5�cjojqj^jajo(* ,��] ^ � ������-ghy���������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gd�"�6:;cdqruvcdtx������������\ ] ^ _ a g h t ����������������˻��񻭕�zob�tb�h�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(ht\h[rojqj^jo(ht\h��ojqj^jhu<�5�ojqj^jo(hicy5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jhvi�hu<�5�ojqj^jo(h��hqd�5�ojqj^jhqd�5�ojqj^jhqd�5�ojqj^jo(h��h��5�ojqj^j t u  � � � � � � � � � � � � � ���������������������׼��弮���{n`ykn���hto�hto�5�ojqj^j 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