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volume 159, issue 11, november 2022
1. title: gender and vulnerable employment in the developing world: evidence from global microdata
authors: maria c. lo bue, tu thi ngoc le, manuel santos silva, kunal sen
abstract: this paper investigates gender inequality in vulnerable employment: forms of employment typically featuring high precariousness, inadequate earnings, and lack of decent working conditions. using a large collection of harmonized household surveys from developing countries, we measure long-term trends, describe geographical patterns, and estimate correlates of gender inequalities in vulnerable employment. conditional on individual and household characteristics, women are 7 percentage points more likely to be in vulnerable employment than men. the experiences of marriage and parenthood are important drivers of this gender gap. across countries, the gender gap is smaller in richer countries, with lower fertility rates, and more gender-egalitarian laws, particularly those laws regulating marriage, parenthood, access to assets, and access to entrepreneurship. since the 1990s, rising levels of female education and rapidly falling fertility have pulled women away from vulnerable employment at a faster rate than men. however, that process is largely exhausted, with current levels of the gender gap in vulnerable employment being almost entirely unexplained by standard labour supply factors.
2. title: what is equitable about equitable resilience? dynamic risks and subjectivities in nepal
authors: tim forsyth, constance l. mcdermott, rabindra dhakal
abstract: equitable resilience is an increasing focus of development policy, but there is still insufficient attention to how the framings of equity itself shape what, and who, is targeted through development efforts. universalistic assumptions about climate risk or social marginalization can define equity in ways that hide dynamic and intersectional influences on what constitutes risk to whom under different circumstances. this paper investigates the implications of two different equity framings for resilience in jumla district, western nepal. drawing on more than one hundred household surveys plus in-depth qualitative interviews in six villages, we find that state-led efforts to present post-civil war development as the �equal distribution� of roads and infrastructure, agricultural commercialization, and protection against systemic climate risk fail to reflect local experiences of risk, which are often expressed in terms of social exclusion rather than vulnerability to climate change. yet, simultaneously, other efforts at building resilience that use caste and gender as indicators of social marginalization overlook how transitions in livelihoods and individual agency have changed vulnerability contexts for many people, or the increasing vulnerability to climate change of more landed farmers. the paper urges more critical attention to how normative framings of equity shape what, and for whom is considered equitable resilience, including assumptions about transformative change from analysts themselves. representing risks and vulnerability in terms of socially marginalized groups alone might deny the dynamic, intersectional, and contextual interconnection of risks and social agency; and might impose unhelpful subjectivities of their own.
3. title: agricultural commercialization and nutrition; evidence from smallholder coffee farmers
authors: joanna van asselt, pilar useche
abstract: agricultural commercialization, or the transition from growing crops for home consumption to growing some or all crops for sale, enables farmers to earn cash income that they can use to buy food in markets. this additional income may enable smallholders to purchase more healthy and/or unhealthy calories in the market, impacting their nutrition. while previous studies have examined the impact of commercialization on undernutrition, this study analyzes the impact of commercialization on overweight and obesity. survey data from smallholder coffee farmers in rural guatemala is used to estimate the impact of commercialization on body mass index for male and female household heads. additionally, we explore the different pathways through which commercialization can impact nutrition, including household calorie availability, crop production, income, and gender. the empirical analysis employs an instrumental variable approach to control for endogeneity issues. our estimation results suggest that commercialization, both in general and through dependence on coffee, leads to overweight and obesity in more commercialized households. further, our analysis shows that while there is no relationship between commercialization of crops in general and household calorie availability, coffee dependence lowers household calorie availability. we also find that coffee dependent households decrease their production diversity and do not earn more agricultural income, both of which may negatively contribute to their nutrition. as rural areas become increasingly integrated with markets, understanding the transmission channels between agricultural commercialization and nutrition is critical.
4. title: childcare and maternal employment: evidence from vietnam
authors: hai-anh h. dang, masako hiraga, cuong viet nguyen
abstract: little literature currently exists on the effects of childcare use on maternal labor market outcomes in a developing country context, and the few recent studies offer mixed results. we attempt to fill these gaps by analyzing several latest rounds of the vietnam household living standards survey spanning the early to mid-2010s. addressing endogeneity issues with an instrumental variable/ regression discontinuity design estimator based on children�s birth months, we find sizable and positive effects of childcare on women�s own labor market outcomes and their household income and poverty status. the effects of childcare differ by women�s characteristics and are stronger for women in the ethnic majority group or women with daughters. these effects are also somewhat larger for areas with higher income levels. furthermore, we also find that some positive effects last after two years.
5. title: investigating the inclusive-performance tradeoff in agricultural cooperatives: evidence from nepal
authors: scott miller, conner mullally
abstract: is there a tradeoff between inclusive membership and market performance in agricultural cooperatives? prior studies argue that inclusive membership practices damage cooperative performance by increasing internal transaction and coordination costs. determining the extent of this tradeoff is essential to understanding the role that cooperatives play in alleviating poverty. previous studies have largely overlooked the extent to which organizational activities are inclusive of existing members. we expand the definition of inclusive membership to account for extensive as well as intensive inclusion, where the former describes the diversity of a cooperative�s membership and the latter refers to including existing members in group activities. we examine the inclusive-performance tradeoff with respect to both dimensions of inclusion. our results suggest that extensive inclusion is associated with lower market performance, while intensive inclusion is associated with higher market performance. this indicates that both extensive and intensive inclusion have a meaningful, but opposite, association with a cooperative�s ability to achieve market performance.
6. title: can hypothetical measures of time preference predict actual and incentivised behaviour? evidence from senegal.
authors: jacopo bonan, philippe lemay-boucher, douglas scott
abstract: time preferences are an important determinant of decision-making and are widely measured through hypothetical survey questions. however, the extent to which they offer a good representation of time discounting remains largely unexplored. this paper estimates time preference parameters using a commonly-applied hypothetical elicitation method. we explore whether our estimated parameters correlate with actual and incentivized behaviours related to time preferences. first, we consider the correlation between our hypothetical measures and the result of an incentivised experiment using the unique reference numbers of banknotes as a means of determining an individual�s willingness to save money. individuals are given a banknote and informed that if they chose to retain this specific note for a randomly assigned period of time (2, 7 or 14 days) they will receive a second banknote, in effect doubling their initial endowment. second, we consider the correlation between hypothetical measures and an individual�s observable saving behaviour, including ownership of a savings account and participation in a rotating credit and savings association (rosca). overall, our results show that hypothetically-derived time preference parameters are not significantly correlated with our measures of actual or incentivized behaviour. we explore the extent to which our results are due to limited power and find that a version of our results comparable to the relevant literature can detect effect sizes in line with similar studies. furthermore, we recognise that our incentivized experiment will be a noisy reflection of time discounting and subject to confounding factors, such as the inherent fungibility of money. we provide ancillary evidence suggesting that our main results remain robust to these considerations and others.
7. title: do protected areas increase household income? evidence from a meta-analysis
authors: pratikshya kandel, ram pandit, benedict white, maksym polyakov
abstract: do protected areas (pas) increase or reduce the welfare of rural households? this study assesses this key question in environmental economics through a meta-analysis of studies that used income or poverty reduction as measures of welfare. a systematic search of peer-reviewed and �grey� literature identified 99 observations from 30 studies. the results showed that pas have positive and significant impacts on economic outcomes at the local level, although the effect is small. the likelihood of observing positive economic impacts and the magnitude of the outcomes vary depending upon factors such as the choice of econometric method, location and context: studies from africa are less likely to show positive welfare effects than studies from asia and south america. our findings contribute to research on the nexus between pas and their economic impacts, and offer recommendations for researchers and practitioners working on this frontier.
8. title: building back better? resilience as wellbeing for rural migrant households in bihar, india
authors: shreya sinha, nivedita narain, arundhita bhanjdeo
abstract: the crisis in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic has led to calls for �building back better� and �resilient recovery�. in this article, we examine this agenda by asking what this might mean for one of the most marginalized social groups in india, namely, migrant workers from scheduled tribe or adivasi communities in the eastern state of bihar. it draws on intensive mixed-methods research undertaken over a nearly-two-year period between march 2019 and january 2021 in four villages in south bihar. the article argues that the attention to social structures of power and subjectivities makes �equitable resilience� a more robust idea of resilience. at the same time, in the context of adivasi migrants in india who constantly suffer multiple oppressions, even equitable resilience must be seen in conversation with the idea of relational wellbeing since they need a radical improvement of life chances and not just mechanisms to deal with isolated shocks. the article develops a basic framework to put these ideas in conversation with each other and offers an empirical analysis of the material, relational and subjective dimensions of wellbeing, or their absence, of the migrants and their households. in addition, it outlines the cross-scalar socio-economic, ecological and political dynamics and temporal considerations that frame their life and livelihood outcomes. the article concludes by asserting the need to attend to the political content of ideas of resilience and wellbeing and to grapple with structural conditions of inequality. only when policies and programmes are guided by these considerations can they be expected to lead to lasting change.
9. title: climate change and within-country inequality: new evidence from a global perspective
authors: elena paglialunga, andrea coveri, antonello zanfei
abstract: this paper investigates the impact of climate change on within-country income inequality for more than 150 nations over the period 2003�2017. specifically, we control for a large number of determinants of income disparities detected by extant literature and focus on agriculture as one of the most crucial channels in the climate change-inequality nexus. we find that temperature increases and precipitation anomalies have significant adverse effects on within-country inequality, especially in the presence of larger shares of population in rural areas and of workers in agriculture. we also provide evidence on the lower distributional impact of climate change in economies that are more diversified across value chain activities.
10. title: the challenges for children�s rights in international child protection: opportunities for transformation
authors: tara m. collins, laura h.v. wright
abstract: children�s rights highlight the priority of child protection internationally and require us to think about how protection is defined and conceptualised, whether protection efforts are working, and how we are carrying them out. many scholars have noted the apparent conflict between the idea of children�s rights as universal and the particular realities of local contexts, understandings, and experiences. some argue that the failures of child protection are due to the structure of the children's rights framework itself. however, we contend that the issues lie in traditional child protection systems and frameworks, and how children's rights are (or are not) understood and operationalised by child protection actors. relying on a narrative literature review, this conceptual paper presents several examples in support of this view, and argues that more work needs to be done to contextualize and secure the rights of children in need of protection. we explore the complex interplay between local and global interpretations of rights and recommend that dialogue among actors with different perspectives and socio-cultural experiences of children�s rights will produce richer understandings and practices of them. this dialogue can support the transformation of the current international child protection system to support the ability of children, their families and caregivers to realise children�s rights and support their thriving.
11. title: oil palm cultivation improves living standards and human capital formation in smallholder farm households
authors: daniel chrisendo, hermanto siregar, matin qaim
abstract: oil palm cultivation is a controversial topic because of its manifold sustainability implications. recent research in southeast asia suggests that oil palm cultivation is associated with income gains for many smallholder farmers, but whether these income gains also translate into longer-term improvements in household living standards remains unclear. here, we use three rounds of panel data from smallholder farmers in sumatra, indonesia, to analyze effects of oil palm cultivation on various indicators of living standards. results suggest that oil palm cultivation improves nutrition, dietary quality, and expenditures on education, all important indicators of human capital formation with expected positive long-term implications. furthermore, we find positive associations between oil palm cultivation, household asset ownership, and electricity consumption, after controlling for possible confounding factors. we conclude that oil palm cultivation improves living standards and human capital formation in smallholder farm households in this setting.
12. title: high-resolution poverty maps in sub-saharan africa
authors: kamwoo lee, jeanine braithwaite
abstract: up-to-date poverty maps are an important tool for policymakers, but have been prohibitively expensive to produce and maintain ongoing accuracy. we propose a generalizable prediction methodology to produce poverty maps at the village level using geospatial data and machine learning algorithms. we tested the method for 25 sub-saharan african countries and validated against survey data. our method can increase the validity of both single country and cross-country estimations, leading to more accurate poverty maps with a higher geographic precision for sub-saharan african countries. more importantly, our cross-country estimation enables the creation of poverty maps when it is not practical or cost-effective to field new national household surveys, as is the case with many low- and middle-income countries.
13. title: gender differences in technology adoption and agricultural productivity: evidence from malawi
authors: adane hirpa tufa, arega d. alene, steven m. cole, julius manda, ... victor manyong
abstract: it is widely recognized that female farmers have considerably less access to productive assets and support services than male farmers. there is limited evidence of gender gaps in technology adoption and agricultural productivity after accounting for the differential access to factors of production between males and females. this study investigates the gender differences in the adoption of improved technologies and agricultural productivity in malawi using nationally representative data collected from 1600 households and 5238 plots. we used a multivariate probit model to analyze the gender differences in the adoption of improved technologies, including intercropping, use of improved varieties, crop rotation and residue retention, manure use, and minimum tillage. to analyze gender differences in agricultural productivity, we used an exogenous switching regression (esr) model and recentered influence function decomposition. we found that female plot managers were more likely to adopt intercropping and minimum tillage but less likely to adopt crop rotation and use improved varieties than male plot managers. the esr model estimation results showed that female-managed plots were 14.6�23.1% less productive than male-managed plots. the gender productivity gaps also indicated that female plot managers had an 8.2% endowment advantage but a 23.1% structural disadvantage than male plot managers. the importance of structural effects in accounting for the gender productivity gap highlights the need for policies and agricultural development programs that consider the underlying factors shaping gender productivity gaps rather than focusing solely on agricultural production factors.
14. title: demand and supply constraints of credit in smallholder farming: evidence from ethiopia and tanzania
authors: bedru b. balana, dawit mekonnen, beliyou haile, fitsum hagos, ... claudia ringler
abstract: credit constraint is often considered as one of the key barriers to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and low agricultural productivity in low- and middle-income countries. past research and much of the policy discourse associate agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. however, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers could also affect credit-rationing of smallholder agricultural households. this study investigates the nature of credit constraints, factors affecting credit constraint status, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption and intensity of use of three modern agricultural technologies � small-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, and improved seeds. the paper also assesses whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. primary survey data were collected from sample farmers in ethiopia and tanzania, and tobit and two-step hurdle econometric models were used to analyze these data. results show that demand-side credit constraints are as important as supply-side factors in conditioning smallholders� access to credit in both countries. we also find that credit is a binding constraint for the decision to adopt technologies and input use intensity in tanzania but not statistically significant in ethiopia. results suggest that women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men in both study countries. based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints to credit access, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance, and to strengthen the gender sensitivity of credit policies.
15. title: grabbed trust? the impact of large-scale land acquisitions on social trust in africa
authors: tim wegenast, c�cile richetta, mario krauser, alexander leibik
abstract: the livelihoods of rural populations in africa are closely tied to small-scale farming. in recent years, private investors as well as governments have shown a growing interest in large-scale acquisition of arable land across the continent. while researchers have started to analyze the local economic and environmental impacts of such investments, their socio-political as well as psychological consequences remain poorly understood. this paper investigates how changes in land ownership patterns caused by large-scale land acquisitions affect the level of interpersonal trust among rural communities. we maintain that the transition from community and individual-smallholder land ownership into large-scale investor property has a negative impact on local levels of trust. furthermore, we assume that the deterioration of trust caused by large-scale land investments is stronger among women than men. to test our claims, we connect circa 71,000 respondents from afrobarometer surveys to georeferenced information on the location of land deals from 33 african countries. relying on a difference-in-differences type of empirical strategy as well as an instrumental variable approach, we show that large-scale land investments indeed disrupt local social fabrics by reducing interpersonal trust. our results suggest that trust in relatives is particularly affected by large-scale land acquisitions. in addition, we find that land deals reduce personalized trust among women but not necessarily among men.
16. title: shocks, agricultural productivity, and natural resource extraction in rural southeast asia
authors: thanh-tung nguyen, trung thanh nguyen, manh hung do, duy linh nguyen, ulrike grote
abstract: natural resources are depleting at an alarming rate, causing severe threats to the sustainable development in many developing countries. given an ambiguous relationship between shocks, agricultural productivity, and natural resource extraction, we used a dataset of about 4200 rural households surveyed in four southeast asian countries (cambodia, laos, thailand, and vietnam) to investigate the impact of shocks and agricultural productivity on natural resource extraction by rural households. our results show that weather shocks and market shocks force households to extract more natural resources. an increased agricultural productivity, however, discourages natural resource extraction. in addition, our results show that low education and low access to electricity are positively associated with natural resource extraction. we suggest that measures enhancing agricultural productivity should be prioritized, and more assistance and support to farmers for mitigating the severe effects of weather shocks and market shocks should be provided. furthermore, accelerating farm mechanization, land defragmentation, rural electrification, supporting the development of communication systems and local markets, and promoting rural education should be encouraged.
17. title: undernutrition inequality between dalits and non-dalits in nepal � a decomposition analysis
authors: hari sharma, fabrice smieliauskas
abstract: although nepal has made substantial progress in child health over the years, there are concerns about whether marginalized (dalits) groups have made meaningful gains in child health. in this study, we sought to understand undernutrition inequalities between dalits and non-dalits in nepal, the factors associated with such differences, and how these inequalities have changed over time. we use blinder-oaxaca decomposition techniques to decompose the average difference in height-for-age (haz), weight-for-age (waz), weight-for-height (whz) z-scores between dalit and non-dalit groups to estimate the amount of the inequality associated with different characteristics. we use data on children below the age of 5 from the demographic and health survey for nepal for 2006, 2011, and 2016. for descriptive purposes, we also estimate the prevalence of severe forms of undernutrition defined as stunting, underweight, and wasting for the dalit and non-dalit groups over time.
we saw declines in the prevalence of undernutrition for both dalits and non-dalits over time. from 2006 to 2016, we saw declines in stunting (57�40 %), underweight (48�31 %), and wasting (16�12 %) for the dalit group and stunting (48�36 %), underweight (37�27 %), and wasting (12�10 %) for the non-dalit group. in 2006, when compared to dalits, non-dalits had higher z-scores for height-for-age (0.26), weight-for-age (0.31) and weight-for-height (0.21) and these differences were statistically different from zero (p < 0.05). in 2016, when compared to dalits, non-dalits had higher z-scores for height-for-age (0.09), weight-for-age (0.14) and weight-for-height (0.13) but these differences were not statistically different from zero (p > 0.1). our findings show that stunting, underweight, and wasting prevalence declined in both dalit and non-dalit groups between 2006 and 2016. in addition, undernutrition inequality between the dalit group and non-dalit group also declined substantially from 2006 to 2016 such that by 2016, the difference in undernutrition was no longer statistically significant for all three outcomes. the combination of socioeconomic gains and equity-focused health policy appears to have been transformative in nepal.
18. title: transitions into and out of food insecurity: a probabilistic approach with panel data evidence from 15 countries
authors: dieter wang, bo pieter johannes andr�e, andres fernando chamorro, phoebe girouard spencer
abstract: recent advances in food insecurity classification have made analytical approaches to predict and inform response to food crises possible. this paper develops a predictive, statistical framework to identify drivers of food insecurity risk with simulation capabilities for scenario analyses, risk assessment and forecasting purposes. it utilizes a panel vector-autoregression to model food insecurity distributions of 15 countries between october 2009 and february 2019. least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) methods are employed to identify the most important agronomic, weather, conflict and economic variables. the paper finds that food insecurity dynamics are asymmetric and past-dependent, with low insecurity states more likely to transition to high insecurity states than vice versa. conflict variables are more relevant for highly critical states, while agronomic and weather variables are more important for less critical states. food prices are predictive for all cases. a bayesian extension is introduced to incorporate expert opinions through the use of priors, which can lead to significant improvements in model performance.
19. title: spatially heterogeneous effects of collective action on environmental dependence in namibia�s zambezi region
authors: maximilian meyer, carolin hulke, jonathan kamwi, hannah kolem, jan b�rner
abstract: many poor rural households depend on products from non-cultivated environments for subsistence and commercialization. collective action schemes, such as community-based natural resource management (cbnrm), aim at maintaining natural resource quality and thus potentially contribute to the sustainability of environmental income sources. little is known about whether and under which contextual conditions these schemes effectively promote environmental income generation or imply trade-offs between wildlife conservation and socioeconomic development. we rely on a unique combination of original farm-household data with a rich set of spatiotemporal covariates to quantify environmental income and dependency in namibia�s zambezi region at the heart of the kavango-zambezi transfrontier conservation area. we then estimate the effect of cbnrm on environmental income and dependency in a quasi-experimental regression-based approach. controlling for historical variables that affected selection into formal cbnrm schemes, we further explore the role of contextual variation in exposure to tourism activity. results suggest that cbnrm fosters livelihood strategies that are, on average, more dependent on the environment. however, this effect is driven by outcomes of households that live in close proximity to touristic enterprises, where such livelihood strategies align better with other income generating opportunities than in areas where agriculture represents the only viable economic alternative.
20. title: labor conflict within foreign, domestic, and chinese-owned manufacturing firms in ethiopia
authors: james chu, marcel fafchamps
abstract: research has documented labor conflict within foreign-owned, and especially chinese-owned, manufacturing firms in sub-saharan economies. yet, systematic comparisons of foreign versus domestic firms are rare, and it remains unclear whether labor conflict is a phenomenon that affects emerging industries or is specific to foreign firms. drawing on a large firm survey in ethiopia, we show that foreign firms hire similarly educated and experienced workers. they also offer comparable salaries, benefits, and hours than domestic firms, after controlling for firm size and age. nevertheless, they experience more complaints, strikes, and protests, with chinese-owned firms reporting particularly high rates of labor conflict. to scrutinize these findings, we conduct case studies of labor management in six domestic and eight foreign-owned firms around addis ababa, ethiopia. we observe antagonistic labor relations in five foreign-owned firms, four of which are chinese-owned. in these firms, managers perceive employees as using labor laws to take advantage of them, whereas employees see labor laws as a basis for harmonious labor relations. in the remaining firms, managers frame their firm policies as consistent with employee perceptions of labor laws. we conjecture that the visibility of formal labor institutions leads employees to interpret disagreements as intentional disrespect, rather than ignorance. our findings suggest that misaligned perceptions about the role of local labor institutions may be an important driver of conflict in foreign-owned firms.
21. title: variability in the household use of cooking fuels: the importance of dishes cooked, non-cooking end uses, and seasonality in understanding fuel stacking in rural and urban slum communities in six north indian states
authors: carlos f. gould, shaily jha, sasmita patnaik, shalu agrawal, ... johannes urpelainen
abstract: expanding the use of clean cooking fuels has been a priority for the government of india in recent years to obtain potential public health and women�s empowerment benefits. evidence to date suggests most recent clean fuel adopters continue to use polluting biomass for some household energy needs. however, the specific ways households use both polluting and clean fuels together, known as fuel stacking, is not fully understood. we use survey data from 2,765 households in rural communities and urban slums in six north indian states to detail fuel stacking practices. half of rural and one-third of urban slum households stacked a clean and polluting fuel together. we classify stackers into four groups based on their reported primary and secondary fuels (e.g., primary gas and secondary firewood). we observe significant variations in the intensity of secondary fuel use among households in the same stacking group. across all stackers, about half use their secondary fuel daily, while about one-fifth use it less than once per week. non-cooking energy needs, like space and water heating, motivates 40% of biomass users to use polluting fuels. seasonality is another important consideration as 75% of fuel stackers reported switching their primary fuel across seasons of the year, with nearly 90% primarily using gas during the rainy season. our results highlight considerable heterogeneity in fuel use behaviors among households in the same stacking category. we also underscore that cooking gas is popular and able to meet all cooking needs, but it is important to consider the use of biomass for non-cooking tasks to enable a complete transition to clean cooking fuels. these results signify the need for more nuanced fuel stacking information in policy design and program evaluation.
22. title: crops in crises: shocks shape smallholders' diversification in rural ethiopia
authors: clifton makate, arild angelsen, stein terje holden, ola tveitereid westengen
abstract: crop diversity plays a central role in smallholder farmers' ability to cope with and adapt to shocks. shifting crop varieties and diversifying the crop portfolio are common risk reduction strategies. this paper addresses the influence of covariate climate shocks and idiosyncratic socioeconomic shocks on crop variety use and crop species diversification by smallholder farmers using nationwide balanced panel data (2011/12, 2013/14, & 2015/16) from rural households in ethiopia combined with village-level historical monthly rainfall and temperature data. we apply correlated random effects models, which control for time-invariant household unobservables. past exposure to drought shocks increased the use of improved seed varieties in general and for wheat, while long-term average rainfall and lagged flood shocks enhance crop species diversity. lagged temperature shocks increase improved seed use and crop species diversity. however, recurrent drought exposure and exposure to relatively more severe drought shocks significantly reduced overall agricultural activity. idiosyncratic shocks, to a much lesser degree, influenced seed use and crop diversification decisions compared to covariate drought shocks. heterogeneity analysis revealed that drought shock exposure on farmers with less than average farm sizes and other assets - compared to those better-off � increased their relative reliance on local seed use, reduced crop diversification, and reduced improved seed use. the results are robust to various sensitivity checks. our findings are relevant for policy responses aiming to strengthen smallholders' ability to cope with and adapt to shocks: farmers' seed-based risk reduction strategies rely on access to seeds from both formal and informal seed systems, but policies addressing economic inequality are needed to enhance access to improved seeds and crop diversity for resource-poor socioeconomic groups.
23. title: transfer preferences of bureaucrats and spatial disparities in local state presence
authors: anustubh agnihotri
abstract: most states lack the ability to maintain a uniform presence at the local level. while in some places, citizens experience an attentive and present state that is quick to address their demands, in other parts, the same state can be unresponsive and absent. the unevenness in state presence shapes its capacity to delivery services and its legitimacy in the eyes of the citizens. what explains the spatial unevenness in local state presence? this paper argues that the transfer preferences of mid-level bureaucrats are an important determinant of local state presence. using a mixed-methods approach that combines insights from qualitative fieldwork and a unique dataset on the transfers history of mid-level bureaucrats in indian land bureaucracy, i show that bureaucrats have strong transfer preferences and regularly lobby to avoid being placed in jurisdictions further away from their homes or being relocated over long distances. jurisdictions less preferred by bureaucrats are more likely to experience state absence at the local level. further, spatial disparities in local state absence are concentrated according to historical patterns of development across different regions of the state; historically less developed regions with lower bureaucratic representation within the state and experience a more prolonged duration of bureaucratic absence on account of bureaucratic lobbying against transfer directives. this paper highlights the importance of transfer preferences of individual bureaucrats and their collective representation in shaping the quality of local governance.
24. title: the impact of spousal and own retirement on health: evidence from urban china
authors: xi chen
abstract: this paper investigates the impact of spousal and own retirement on health in urban china. to identify the causal impact of retirement on the health outcomes of the couple, we exploit the discontinuity in retirement rate at the gender-specific legal retirement ages, and apply a fuzzy regression discontinuity design using data from four waves of china health and retirement longitudinal study. the estimates suggest that spousal retirement would exert significant influence on an individual�s health and health behaviour. we also find that the health effects of spousal and own retirement exhibit different patterns for men and women. men�s self-rated health and subjective well-being tend to be negatively affected by their own retirement, while women�s physical and mental health are both positively influenced by the retirement of their husbands. the retirement-induced change in marital bargaining environment may serve as one underlying mechanism for the retirement effects on health.
25. title: why do aspirations matter for empowerment?: discrepancies between the a-weai domains and aspirations of ethnic minority women in vietnam
authors: joan dejaeghere, nancy pellowski wiger, hue le, phuong luong, ... jongwook lee
abstract: empowerment programs for women have been key development initiatives toward achieving gender equality. projects, models, and measurement tend to focus on resources and agency as core to empowerment. missing from most models and research is women�s own aspirations, or what they value for their futures, that affect how women use their resources and agency to achieve wellbeing. aspirations are central to a sense of a good life and are necessary to strengthen among poor communities, but they are often overlooked among women, particularly those who are not pursuing formal schooling and who work in informal labor. this paper examines how aspirations matter for women in poverty who are working in informal sectors (agriculture and tourism) in vietnam. it argues that without examining women�s aspirations for themselves, their family, and community, development projects may miss achieving their outcomes because they are not valued by women. using data from the abbreviated version of the women�s empowerment in agriculture index (a-weai), and qualitative interview data from women and men from minority ethnic groups in vietnam, we show that women and men achieve similar rates of adequacy in their access to resources and decision-making as measured by the a-weai, and that women�s aspirations for themselves and their community emphasized other valued outcomes from projects aimed at economic empowerment.
26. title: exploring gender and intersectionality from an assemblage perspective in food crop cultivation: a case of the millennium villages project implementation site in western kenya
authors: hellen kimanthi, paul hebinck, chizu sato
abstract: gender essentialism in development practice has been criticised for more than three decades with little effect. we use gender and intersectionality within the framework of assemblage to analyse the relations, practices, and intersections of both human and nonhuman elements within the context of the millennium villages project (mvp) in luoland in western kenya. this framework permits us to tease-apart essentially categorised �women� revealing changing dynamics of senior and junior women within the luo polygamous homestead, dala, and their implication for food security within. this insight reveals the inadequacy of essentialising representations of luo women and the relevance of their recognition as social beings who differently construct themselves and their actions, in interaction with both human and nonhuman elements. gender and intersectionality from an assemblage perspective makes visible the involved human and nonhuman intersecting elements and the changing dynamics within an ongoing process in a specific socio-ecological context that better support development.
27. title: partner�s income shock and female labor supply. evidence from the repeal of argentina�s convertibility law
authors: laurine martinoty
abstract: female employment is an important vector of economic development. using data on couples in urban argentina from 1996 to 2007, i show that in the short and medium term necessity shapes female participation and employment at the extensive and intensive margins. more specifically, i study how women�s labor supply reacts to negative income shocks affecting their partner. in order to assess the causal impact, i exploit the unexpected evolution of the economic environment triggered by the repeal of the convertibility law in january 2002 to instrument men�s job loss. i find that women�s probability of participating and finding a job is multiplied by 2 upon their partner�s displacement. turning to the dynamics of their labor supply, contrary to expectations, however, women do not symmetrically withdraw from the labor market once their partner finds a job. evidence on repeated cross-sections confirms that the labor supply response persists long after the economic recovery. my findings are among the first attempts to evaluate the participation effects of temporary shocks in the medium term.
28. title: urban wage premium for women: evidence across the wage distribution
authors: eloiza r.f. almeida, veneziano ara�jo, solange l. gon�alves
abstract: the urban wage premium (uwp), that is, the phenomenon of higher wages in denser areas, is rarely separately estimated for men and women. yet, men and women behave differently in the labor market. this study sought to uncover whether (i) agglomeration economies in dense areas of brazil differently benefit men and women; (ii) the female and male uwps change across the wage distribution, and (iii) whether the male and female uwps differ across formal and informal jobs. we do so using brazil�s national continuous household sample survey (pnadc/ibge) gathered between 2012 and 2019. we found that the female uwp is on average 11.3%, almost double the average male uwp of 5.7%. we also found that the female uwp was higher in formal and informal jobs and across various agglomeration levels. quantile regressions show that the magnitudes of and gender differences in the uwp increase with wages. studies that exclude women may thus underestimate the uwp, especially for high-paying jobs. the average uwp hides important heterogeneity that exists across the wage distribution and formality status.
29. title: the effect of natural disaster on economic growth: evidence from a major earthquake in haiti
authors: iverson-love joseph
abstract: we examine the average causal impact of the 2010 earthquake in haiti on economic growth and recovery by conducting a disaggregated empirical analysis at the subnational level. to achieve this, we opt for a fixed effects difference-in-differences model and impulse response functions by using the earthquake�s intensity as the main exogenous variable and nighttime light data as a proxy for economic activity from 1992 to 2019. results indicate a robust evidence that the earthquake caused a significant decrease in the country�s economic growth in the short-term. we also reveal that such declines in growth persited ten years after the disaster. overall, estimates provide new insights on the short and long-run economic growth effects of major natural disasters. therefore, our analysis of the effects of earthquake intensity on the growth of night lights is an important contribution to disaster economics. in the concluding reflections, the findings, implications, and avenues for future research are discussed.
30. title: rebuilding public authority in uganda dualist theory, hybrid social orders and democratic statehood
authors: e.a. brett
abstract: conflicted african societies are confronting a crisis of public authority caused by the ethnic, sectarian and class conflicts generated by their ongoing transitions from authoritarian to liberal democratic institutional systems. most have introduced competitive elections which have rarely produced stable and inclusive political outcomes, discrediting the dominant liberal democratic state-building agenda. we draw on classical �dualist� and �new institutionalist� theorists to explain these failures and suggest alternative strategies. they attribute these tensions to the co-existence of contradictory liberal and illiberal rules and cultural systems that interact in dissonant ways in hybrid social orders, and they enable us to develop a �society-centric historical methodology� that attributes their ability or inability to achieve democratic statehood to the ability of their regimes to build inclusive and hybrid political settlements and organisational structures that reconcile the competing demands of modern and traditional elites and subordinate classes. we then demonstrate the utility of this approach by using it to explain uganda�s transition from a stable, but dualistic colonial state, to a predatory dictatorship and then to a relatively successful competitive autocracy.
31. title: seeing the broader picture: stakeholder contributions to understanding infrastructure impacts of the interoceanic highway in the southwestern amazon
authors: stephen g. perz, elsa r.h. mendoza, alan dos santos pimentel
abstract: there is a large research literature on the impacts of roads and other infrastructure, which highlights the economic benefits, environmental harms and social problems. most previous research on infrastructure impacts adopts a top-down approach, such as via the use of governmental or remotely-sensed data. this paper argues that a bottom-up approach that features stakeholder perspectives offers complementary advantages to understanding infrastructure impacts that can support improved planning and governance. we conducted stakeholder workshops about impacts of the interoceanic highway in the tri-national �map� frontier of the southwestern amazon. the findings confirm previous research in several respects, but also indicate several contrasts. the range of impacts is much broader than topics featured in previous research, and some of the most commonly reported problems, such as diverse forms of crime, have been rarely studied as infrastructure impacts. we conclude by discussing the implications, in terms of criminological research on infrastructure impacts, synergies among diverse impacts of infrastructure, and improved planning of infrastructure for better governance of impacts.
32. title: uncomfortable knowledge: mechanisms of urban development in adaptation governance
authors: hallie eakin, svenja keele, vanessa lueck
abstract: urban economic development is one of the primary engines of hazard exposure and differential social vulnerability, nevertheless, the drivers of urban development are rarely explicitly tackled in work on climate adaptation or resilience governance. when the imperative of urban economic and spatial growth is taken as a given, the mechanisms that perpetuate it remain unexplored and unquestioned. lack of attention to such mechanisms, and specifically the politics of urban land use, can lead to ineffective planning and maladaptation. in this review, we explore the intersection of scholarship on urban climate adaptation governance and the political economy of urban development to identify the specific contemporary mechanisms that perpetuate uneven patterns of urban vulnerability and undermine adaptation planning. we are guided by three questions: what are the mechanisms that urban managers employ to assign rights and responsibilities to land, and thus allocate spatial exposure to risk? how is land implicated in cities� efforts to finance themselves and their activities, and what are the implications for adaptation? what mechanisms enable urban actors to protect themselves from risk and respond to uncertainty? we emphasize the need to place urban climate governance within the broader political dynamics of urban development for more effective, equitable and ultimately sustainable vulnerability interventions. we find that instruments of urban development are often supporting the prioritization of economic rewards over equitable and just distribution of risk and rights to adaptation benefits. we conclude by highlighting the �uncomfortable knowledge� that if sustainable adaptation is to be achieved, the mechanisms of urban development and associated actors that shape, steer and utilize these instruments for a variety of means and goals, must be made visible and addressed.
33. title: ethnicity is not public service destiny: the political logic of service distribution in south africa
authors: john porten, inbok rhee, clark gibson
abstract: millions of south africans have protested the unequal allocation of public services in thousands of demonstrations. despite the african national congress�s (anc) promise to reduce the disparities generated by apartheid, the level of public services remains highly uneven across the country. most studies of service provision in africa argue that politicians will target their coethnics; others support the �diversity deficit� hypothesis, which predicts that high levels of ethnic diversity undermines service provision. instead, we argue that explanations of service provision should first examine how political institutions incentivize politicians to choose whether, what, and how to distribute services. even in an ethnicized polity, ethnic targeting may not be a politician�s best strategy. we seek to explain the variation in service levels across south african municipalities and advance three hypotheses: 1) municipal councilors in more ethnically diverse municipalities will form policy coalitions that produce higher service levels; 2) south african mayors will decrease services when they enjoy electorally safety due to their extensive powers and the possibility of being a residual claimant to municipality resources, and; 3) the strategic interaction between councilors and their mayor helps to account for the variation in service provision across south africa�s municipalities. we test our hypotheses with data from more than 1.37 million households and aggregated municipality level measures and find strong support for our hypotheses. political institutions � not just ethnic demography � can influence policy choices and service outcomes.
34. title: political violence and endogenous growth
authors: macartan humphreys
abstract: i provide an illustration of a dynamic version of robert bates� conjecture that technologies of coercion can be critical to generate prosperity. the model provides support for the conjecture under specified conditions, generates implications for growth paths, including transitions away from coercive strategies, and has implications for the evolution of inequality.
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