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study estimates the effects of credit scores on residential sorting behavior using a novel mortgage industry data set combining household demographic, credit, and financial data with property location information and detailed community attribute data. i employ the data set to estimate a discrete-choice residential sorting model. i find that credit scores significantly predict residential sorting behavior and models that do not account for credit score provide biased estimates of housing utilities for black households in particular. simulation results show that increases in credit score are associated with increases in the consumption of higher-priced homes in more expensive school districts, higher-quality public schools, and proximity to urban/metropolitan areas. 2. title: do some enterprise zones create jobs? authors: jed kolko, david neumark abstract: we study how the employment effects of enterprise zones vary with their location, implementation, and administration, based on evidence from california. we use new establishment-level data and geographic mapping methods, coupled with a survey of enterprise zone administrators. overall, the evidence indicates that enterprise zones do not increase employment. however, the evidence also suggests that the enterprise zone program has a more favorable effect on employment in zones that have a lower share of manufacturing and in zones where managers report doing more marketing and outreach activities. on the other hand, devoting more effort to helping firms get hiring tax credits reduces or eliminates any positive employment effects, which may be attributable to idiosyncrasies of california's enterprise zone program during the period we study. 3. title: does inconvenience explain low take-up? evidence from unemployment insurance authors: avraham ebenstein, kevin stange abstract: application inconvenience is one popular explanation for why many individuals do not receive the social benefits for which they are eligible. applications take time and some individuals may decide that the financial benefits do not outweigh these time costs. this paper investigates this explanation using cross-state variation in administrative changes that made applying for unemployment insurance (ui) benefits substantially more convenient over the past decade. we find that the introduction of phone- and internet-based claiming did not have an appreciable impact on overall ui take-up, nor did it lead to a shift toward recipients that are higher income or likely to be receiving the maximum benefit amount. these findings are inconsistent with a time- and transaction-cost explanation for low take-up, since remote ui claiming is less time intensive. this suggests that reducing application barriers alone may not be an effective tool for increasing program participation. 4. title: elderly immigrants' labor supply response to supplemental security income authors: neeraj kaushal abstract: this paper examined how the 1996 personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act, which banned supplemental security income (ssi) for the majority of elderly immigrants, affected their employment, retirement, and family incomes. the policy was found to be associated with a 3.5 percentage point (9.5 percent) increase in the employment and a 3.8 percentage point (7 percent) decrease in the retirement of foreign-born elderly men. partly as a result of their employment response, ssi ineligibility and the consequent decline in ssi receipt did not have any statistically significant effects on the family incomes of elderly foreign-born men. noncitizen elderly women, on the other hand, did not experience any increase in employment, and those without family support suffered a 10 to 17 percent decline in income. these findings suggest that access to ssi did not create work disincentives for noncitizen elderly women and that ssi restrictions have imposed financial hardship on those without any family support, many of whom perhaps cannot effectively increase their employment. 5. title: incentives and their dynamics in public sector performance management systems authors: carolyn j heinrich, gerald marschke abstract: we use the principal-agent model as a focal theoretical frame for synthesizing what we know, both theoretically and empirically, about the design and dynamics of the implementation of performance management systems in the public sector. in this context, we review the growing body of evidence about how performance measurement and incentive systems function in practice and how individuals and organizations respond and adapt to them over time, drawing primarily on examples from performance measurement systems in public education and social welfare programs. we also describe a dynamic framework for performance measurement systems that takes into account strategic behavior of individuals over time, learning about production functions and individual responses, accountability pressures, and the use of information about the relationship of measured performance to value added. implications are discussed and recommendations derived for improving public sector performance measurement systems. 6. title: information disclosure policy: do state data processing efforts help more than the information disclosure itself? authors: hyunhoe bae, peter wilcoxen, david popp. abstract: the toxics release inventory (tri) was expected to reduce health risks stemming from emissions of hazardous chemicals by increasing public pressure on polluters. however, raw tri data fails to transmit accurate information fitted to the public's interest. tri is a massive and complex data set that, in its raw form, provides information on the pounds of toxics released, rather than the risks these releases pose to human health, which is the true quantity of interest. consequently, raw tri data needs to be refined and interpreted in terms of health risks by its users, which requires analytical sophistication and substantial data processing. state governments have attempted to increase of the usefulness of the tri to the general public via two types of policies: (1) selection and dissemination of raw tri data for plants within the state, and (2) data processing activities producing more refined reports and further data analysis. this study assesses the effectiveness of those two policies, asking how much each contributes to the intended policy outcome of reducing health risks. our results show that state-level data dissemination efforts lowered the total number of pounds of chemicals released, but had little effect on health risks. state-level data processing efforts, in contrast, did lead to significant reductions in health risks. we conclude that simple dissemination of the data was ineffective (and even counterproductive in some instances), and that the states' data processing efforts have played a critical role in achieving the tri's intended policy goal by providing better information to end users. 7. title: spillover effects of inclusion of classmates with emotional problems on test scores in early elementary school authors: jason fletcher abstract: over the last decade, the federal government has directed schools to provide educational instruction for students with special needs in general education settings to the extent possible. while there is mixed evidence on the effects of these inclusion policies on the students with special needs, research examining potential spillovers of inclusion on non-disabled classmates has been scarce. there is particularly little research on the effects of inclusion policies on classmates during early elementary grades. this paper begins to fill in this gap by using a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of kindergartners. cross-sectional results suggest that having a classmate with an emotional problem decreases reading and math scores at the end of kindergarten and first grade by over 10 percent of a standard deviation, which is one-third to one-half of the minority test score gap. to control for nonrandom sorting of students to schools, as well as students to classrooms, this paper uses school-level and then student-level fixed effects. results from the preferred empirical models suggest a decrease of approximately 5 percent of a standard deviation in math and reading scores, though the reading results are less robust. the results also indicate moderate racial and gender differences in the effects. 8. title: the impact of the texas top ten percent law on college enrollment: a regression discontinuity approach authors: sunny xinchun niu, marta tienda abstract: we use regression discontinuity methods on a representative survey of texas high school seniors to discern the impact on flagship-enrollment behavior of the texas top 10 percent law, which guarantees admission to any texas public university to students who graduate in the top decile of their class. by comparing students at and immediately below the cut-point for automatic admission, we find that the top 10 percent law affects flagship enrollment of hispanic students eligible for the admission guarantee, as well as rank-eligible graduates from high schools where minority students predominate and from high schools with the state average share of economically disadvantaged students. our findings are robust to various model specifications and different bandwidth choices using local linear estimation. )*123;<>gijkmv�����ƕ���lj�sk^pb4phj hu<�5�ojqj^jhj hj 5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�w�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hj 5�cjojqj^jajhzt�5�cjojqj^jaj hj 5�cjojqj^jajo( h�w�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj&h�w�ho- 5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�w�h�w�5�cjojqj^jaj*jkl��k l m � � s�z{|��;����������������������gd$?�gdto�� ���wd�^� `���gdj gd�l$gd%j, &dp��gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gd�"�\.�������j k l m n p v w � � � � � � � � �����������w��gwy�gw��k��hj hu<�ojqj^jo(h "ch "c5�ojqj^jhj 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